{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:15:36Z","timestamp":1790799336272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitas Tarumanagara","award":["1831-Int-KSln-KLPPM\/UNTAR\/XI\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1831-Int-KSln-KLPPM\/UNTAR\/XI\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in developing alternative BFMs that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of epoxy, rice husk, alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the mechanical and thermal properties of BFMs prepared using the hand layup method. In this study, the rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were filtered through a 200-mesh sieve. Note that the BFMs were fabricated using different combinations and concentrations of the materials. Their mechanical properties, such as density, hardness, flexural strength, wear resistance, and thermal properties, were investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of the ingredients significantly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the BFMs. A specimen made from epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with concentrations of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%, respectively, produced the best properties for BFMs. On the other hand, the density, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and wear rate values of this specimen were 1.23 g\/cm3, 81.2 Vickers (HV), 57.24 MPa, 4.08 GPa, and 8.665 \u00d7 10\u22127 mm2\/kg. In addition, this specimen had better thermal properties than the other specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into developing eco-friendly and sustainable BFMs with suitable performance for automotive applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:34:32Z","timestamp":1686188072000},"page":"2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9055-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agustinus Purna","family":"Irawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5287-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deni Fajar","family":"Fitriyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Januar Parlaungan","family":"Siregar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tezara","family":"Cionita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Tjatoerwidya","family":"Anggarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didi Widya","family":"Utama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5943-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teuku","family":"Rihayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe 24301, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rusiyanto","family":"Rusiyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeful","family":"Dimyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Bustanul","family":"Aripin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rifky","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasius Priharyoto","family":"Bayuseno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregorius Dimas","family":"Baskara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6778-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khafidh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finny Pratama","family":"Putera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahmadi","family":"Yotenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.05.178","article-title":"Scoping Review of Brake Friction Material for Automotive","volume":"16","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. 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