{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:58:04Z","timestamp":1792180684040,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PORFESR 2014-2020 \u201cBIOEDILCARBON: Protezione della bioedilizia in legno: IOT e nanomateriali per lo stoccaggio di carbonio\u201d PROGETTO GRUPPI DI RICERCA REGIONE LAZIO","award":["A0375-2020-36712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A0375-2020-36712"]}]},{"name":"PORFESR 2014-2020 \u201cBIOEDILCARBON: Protezione della bioedilizia in legno: IOT e nanomateriali per lo stoccaggio di carbonio\u201d PROGETTO GRUPPI DI RICERCA REGIONE LAZIO","award":["CUP B83C22002820006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83C22002820006"]}]},{"name":"the frame of Project ECS 0000024 Rome Technopole","award":["A0375-2020-36712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A0375-2020-36712"]}]},{"name":"the frame of Project ECS 0000024 Rome Technopole","award":["CUP B83C22002820006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83C22002820006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After decades of utilization of fossil-based and environmentally hazardous compounds for wood preservation against fungal attack, there is a strong need to substitute those compounds with bio-based bioactive solutions, such as essential oils. In this work, lignin nanoparticles containing four essential oils from thyme species (Thymus capitatus, Coridothymus capitatus, T. vulgaris, and T. vulgaris Demeter) were applied as biocides in in vitro experiments to test their anti-fungal effect against two white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus) and two brown-rot fungi (Poria monticola and Gloeophyllum trabeum). Entrapment of essential oils provided a delayed release over a time frame of 7 days from the lignin carrier matrix and resulted in lower minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oils against the brown-rot fungi (0.30\u20130.60 mg\/mL), while for the white-rot fungi, identical concentrations were determined compared with free essential oils (0.05\u20130.30 mg\/mL). Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the fungal cell wall changes in the presence of essential oils in the growth medium. The results regarding brown-rot fungi present a promising approach for a more effective and sustainable utilization of essential oils against this class of wood-rot fungi. In the case of white-rot fungi, lignin nanoparticles, as essential oils delivery vehicles, still need optimization in their efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T01:59:51Z","timestamp":1687139991000},"page":"2713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lignin Nanoparticles with Entrapped Thymus spp. Essential Oils for the Control of Wood-Rot Fungi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Zikeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0797-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Vettraino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Biscontri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7324-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bergamasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleofe","family":"Palocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9963-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miha","family":"Humar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Romagnoli, M., Fragiacomo, M., Brunori, A., Follesa, M., and Scarascia Mugnozza, G. (2019). 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