{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:21:32Z","timestamp":1787602892404,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy","award":["20003901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20003901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to analyze tire wear particulate matter (TWP) from tread rubber with different formulations and to compare the concentration of TWP with different wear devices. The TWP generated during the abrasion of truck and bus radial (TBR) tires were examined, and the effect of using different types of rubber and carbon black (CB) were investigated. When natural rubber (NR) was solely used as the tire tread rubber material, there was a higher concentration of 5\u201310 \u00b5m TWP. However, when the tread formulation consisted of NR mixed with butadiene rubber, the TWP concentration decreased. Changing the type of CB also reduced the amount of TWP in the 2.5 \u00b5m size range. The TWP concentration in the specimens increased with increasing speed and vertical load. The TWP generated during the abrasion tests using wear testers and tire simulators exhibited similar trends. These findings suggest that modifying tire tread formulations can effectively control the distribution and amount of TWP generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:40:23Z","timestamp":1687747223000},"page":"2795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Control of Tire Wear Particulate Matter through Tire Tread Prescription"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-8655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin U.","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok H.","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu J.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyoung-Chan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun K.","family":"Jeoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-7797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Hankook Tire & Technology, Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, OCI, Sungnam-si 13212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Kumho Petrochemical, Daejeon 34044, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In S.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interior & Exterior Materials Development Team, Hwaseong-si 18280, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, June 10). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Particulate Matter (PM) Basics, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/particulate-matter-pm-basics."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500802494538","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter and human health: Toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141395","article-title":"In-car particulate matter exposure across ten global cities","volume":"750","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52190","DOI":"10.1002\/app.52190","article-title":"Trends in particulate matter generation from truck and bus radial tires using a wear tester","volume":"21","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 139."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhang, M., Ge, Y., Wen, Y., Luo, J., Yin, D., Wang, C., and Wang, C. (2023). Emission Characteristics of Tyre Wear Particles from Light-Duty Vehicles. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14040724"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza, M., Chen, L., Leach, F., and Ding, S. (2018). A review of particulate number (PN) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and their control techniques. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061417"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c06948","article-title":"Trends and challenges regarding the source-specific health risk of PM2.5-bound metals in a chinese megacity from 2014 to 2020","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156950","article-title":"Impact of vehicle type, tyre feature and driving behaviour on tyre wear under real-world driving conditions","volume":"842","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.01.040","article-title":"Measurement of airborne concentrations of tire and road wear particles in urban and rural areas of France, Japan, and the United Sates","volume":"72","author":"Panko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atoms. Env."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Borken-Kleefeld, J., and Ntziachristos, L. (2012). Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01072","article-title":"A review of road traffic-derived non-exhaust particles: Emissions, physicochemical characteristics, health risks, and mitigation measures","volume":"56","author":"Fussell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Commission (2022). Commission Proposes New Euro 7 Standards: New Rules for Vehicle Emissions, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12153","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03459","article-title":"Characteristics of tire wear particles generated by a tire simulator under various driving conditions","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.7317\/pk.2021.45.2.303","article-title":"Study on the generated particular matters of TBR tire with different tread rubber formulation","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Korea"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamiak, M. (2012). Abrasion Resistance of Materials, Intechopen.","DOI":"10.5772\/1083"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3548216","article-title":"Rubber abrasion and tire wear","volume":"81","author":"Grosch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-013-0018-y","article-title":"Properties of roadway particles from interaction between the tire and road pavement","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.03.049","article-title":"Experimental investigation of tread wear and particle emission from tyres with different treadwear marking","volume":"182","author":"Grigoratos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.016","article-title":"Physical and chemical characterization of tire-related particles: Comparison of particles generated using different methodologies","volume":"408","author":"Kreider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.03.028","article-title":"Size-segregated composition of particulate matter (PM) in major 660 roadways and surface streets","volume":"55","author":"Kam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.011","article-title":"Quantification of vehicle fleet PM10 particulate matter emission factors from exhaust and non-exhaust sources using tunnel measurement techniques","volume":"210","author":"Lawrence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010209","article-title":"The effect of silanization temperature and time on the marching modulus of silica-filled tire tread compounds","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/09276440.2017.1267524","article-title":"Influence of the silanes on the crosslink density and crosslink structure of silica-filled solution styrene butadiene rubber compounds","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.08.014","article-title":"On-road and laboratory investigations on non-exhaust ultrafine particles from the interaction between the tire and road pavement under braking condtions","volume":"97","author":"Kwak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019). Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice\u2014Rolling Resistance Measurement Procedure for Passenger Car, Light Truck, and Highway Truck and Bus Tires (Standard No. SAE J1269)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pritchard, G. (1998). Plastic Additives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5862-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-014-9941-9","article-title":"Investigation of fatigue crack growth characteristics of NR\/BR blend based tyre tread compounds","volume":"188","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.064","article-title":"Factors affecting non-tailpipe aerosol particle emissions from paved roads: On-road measurements in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"42","author":"Hussein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2012.730071","article-title":"Evaluation of potential for toxicity from subacute inhalation of tire and road wear particles in rats","volume":"24","author":"Kreider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/13\/2795\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:27Z","timestamp":1760126367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/13\/2795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15132795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15132795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]}}}