{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:52Z","timestamp":1792790032776,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["2022024555101048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022024555101048"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["20220717161452001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220717161452001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["2022015666601034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015666601034"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["2021030555401037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021030555401037"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["2021015555104022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021015555104022"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["2023-YBSF-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBSF-203"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["2020KCXTD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KCXTD029"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["2022024555101048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022024555101048"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["20220717161452001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220717161452001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["2022015666601034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015666601034"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["2021030555401037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021030555401037"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["2021015555104022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021015555104022"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["2023-YBSF-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBSF-203"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Stability Support Project","award":["2020KCXTD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KCXTD029"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["2022024555101048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022024555101048"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["20220717161452001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220717161452001"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["2022015666601034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015666601034"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["2021030555401037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021030555401037"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["2021015555104022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021015555104022"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["2023-YBSF-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBSF-203"]}]},{"name":"2022 Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["2020KCXTD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KCXTD029"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["2022024555101048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022024555101048"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["20220717161452001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220717161452001"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["2022015666601034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015666601034"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["2021030555401037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021030555401037"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["2021015555104022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021015555104022"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["2023-YBSF-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBSF-203"]}]},{"name":"University-Enterprise Cooperative Research Fund with Han\u2019s Laser","award":["2020KCXTD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KCXTD029"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2022024555101048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022024555101048"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["20220717161452001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220717161452001"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2022015666601034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015666601034"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2021030555401037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021030555401037"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2021015555104022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021015555104022"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2023-YBSF-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBSF-203"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2020KCXTD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KCXTD029"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["2022024555101048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022024555101048"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["20220717161452001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220717161452001"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["2022015666601034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022015666601034"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["2021030555401037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021030555401037"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["2021015555104022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021015555104022"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["2023-YBSF-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBSF-203"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Ordinary University\u2019s innovation team, multi-modal sensing system for ocean exploration","award":["2020KCXTD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KCXTD029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable electronic sensors have attracted considerable interest in hand motion monitoring because of their small size, flexibility, and biocompatibility. However, the range of motion and sensitivity of many sensors are inadequate for complex and precise finger motion capture. Here, organic and inorganic materials were incorporated to fabricate a hybrid electronic sensor and optimized and woven into fabric for hand motion detection. The sensor was made from flexible porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The weight ratios of MWCNTs and geometric characteristics were optimized to improve the hybrid electronic sensor, which showed a high elongation at the breaking point (i.e., more than 100%) and a good sensitivity of 1.44. The strain-related deformation of the PDMS\/MWCNT composite network resulted in a variation in the sensor resistance; thus, the strain level that corresponds to different finger motions is be calculated. Finally, the fabricated and optimized electronic sensor in filiform structure with a 6% MWCNT ratio was integrated with smart fabric to create a finger sleeve for real-time motion capture. In conclusion, a novel hybrid E-fiber sensor based on PDMS and MWCNTs was successfully fabricated in the current study with an optimal M\/P ratio and structure, and textile techniques were adopted as new packaging approaches for such soft electronic sensors to create smart fabric for wearable and precise detection with highly enhanced sensing performance. The successful results in the current study demonstrate the great potential of such hybrid soft sensors in smart wearable healthcare management, including motion detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:38:32Z","timestamp":1688434712000},"page":"2934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Wearable Smart Fabric Based on Hybrid E-Fiber Sensor for Real-Time Finger Motion Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Erhan","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiekai","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4521-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zidan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, C.-W., and Lam, Y.-L. (2021). Future Trend in Wearable Electronics in the Textile Industry. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093914"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000817","article-title":"Consumer wearable technologies to identify and monitor exercise-related arrhythmias in athletes","volume":"36","author":"Lavie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14742","article-title":"Management of Hypertension in the Digital Era: Small Wearable Monitoring Devices for Remote Blood Pressure Monitoring","volume":"76","author":"Kario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, M.H., Lee, G.J., Yun, J.H., and Song, Y.M. (2021). NFC-Based Wearable Optoelectronics Working with Smartphone Application for Untact Healthcare. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030878"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101416","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202101416","article-title":"Wearable Respiration Sensor for Continuous Healthcare Monitoring Using a Micro-Thermoelectric Generator with Rapid Response Time and Chip-Level Design","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ancans, A., Greitans, M., Cacurs, R., Banga, B., and Rozentals, A. (2021). Wearable Sensor Clothing for Body Movement Measurement during Physical Activities in Healthcare. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062068"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, M., and Chai, K. (2022). Wearable Sensing Systems for Monitoring Mental Health. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030994"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, M., and Kim, T.-W. (2021). Recent Advances in Fiber-Shaped Electronic Devices for Wearable Applications. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11136131"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35968","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b09617","article-title":"Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor Based on Microdome-Patterned PDMS Forming with Assistance of Colloid Self-Assembly and Replica Technique for Wearable Electronics","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mironov, A., Safonovs, A., Mironovs, D., Doronkin, P., and Kuzmickis, V. (2023). Health Monitoring of Serial Structures Applying Piezoelectric Film Sensors and Modal Passport. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031114"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0116","article-title":"Integrated Soft Ionotronic Skin with Stretchable and Transparent Hydrogel-Elastomer Ionic Sensors for Hand-Motion Monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2949177","article-title":"Textile-Based Stretchable and Flexible Glove Sensor for Monitoring Upper Extremity Prosthesis Functions","volume":"20","author":"Heo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa7952","article-title":"STRETCHY ELECTRONICS. Hierarchically buckled sheath-core fibers for superelastic electronics, sensors, and muscles","volume":"349","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.12.107","article-title":"Direct printing of highly sensitive, stretchable, and durable strain sensor based on silver nanoparticles\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites","volume":"161","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B-Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2805026","article-title":"Nanoparticle films as sensitive strain gauges","volume":"91","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2017.06.003","article-title":"Conductive thermoplastic polyurethane composites with tunable piezoresistivity by modulating the filler dimensionality for flexible strain sensors","volume":"101","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part A-Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10691","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110691","article-title":"Piezoresistive strain sensors made from carbon nanotubes based polymer nanocomposites","volume":"11","author":"Alamusi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14002","article-title":"Ultrasensitive mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the spider sensory system","volume":"516","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.11.027","article-title":"Structure-based exploration and exploitation of the S(4) subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design of potent and permeable inhibitors","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36312","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b15848","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Mazelike Vertical Graphene Network","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2020.3001977","article-title":"Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on Silicon Nanowire Array Built by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Electron. Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23639","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b07636","article-title":"Wearable, Ultrawide-Range, and Bending-Insensitive Pressure Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube Network-Coated Porous Elastomer Sponges for Human Interface and Healthcare Devices","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26673","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3124847","article-title":"Highly Responsive Asymmetric Pressure Sensor Based on MXene\/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Fabricated by Laser Scribing Technique","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2021.12.080","article-title":"Pillared carbon@tungsten decorated reduced graphene oxide film for pressure sensors with ultra-wide operation range in motion monitoring","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2810182","article-title":"A Wearable Detector for Simultaneous Finger Joint Motion Measurement","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9845482","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/9845482","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Lignin-Reinforced Poly(Ionic Liquid) Hydrogel Wireless Strain Sensor","volume":"2021","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703700","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703700","article-title":"Large-Area All-Textile Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Human Motion and Physiological Signals","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.206","article-title":"Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibres","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Z., Xiang, Z., OuYang, X., Zhang, J., Lau, N., Zhou, J., and Chan, C.C. (2019). Wearable Fiber Optic Technology Based on Smart Textile: A Review. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203311"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03085","article-title":"Splash-Resistant and Light-Weight Silk-Sheathed Wires for Textile Electronics","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000128","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000128","article-title":"Soft Actuators for Soft Robotic Applications: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100107","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202100107","article-title":"Wearable, Implantable, and Interventional Medical Devices Based on Smart Electronic Skins","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2021.109078","article-title":"Highly sensitive and flexible tactile sensor with truncated pyramid-shaped.porous graphene\/silicone rubber composites for human motion detection","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herren, B., Webster, V., Davidson, E., Saha, M.C., Altan, M.C., and Liu, Y. (2021). PDMS Sponges with Embedded Carbon Nanotubes as Piezoresistive Sensors for Human Motion Detection. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071740"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15572","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22823","article-title":"Wearable Strain Sensors Based on a Porous Polydimethylsiloxane Hybrid with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/13\/2934\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:05:08Z","timestamp":1760126708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/13\/2934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15132934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15132934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]}}}