{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:38:16Z","timestamp":1775644696174,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province","award":["CX20230518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20230518"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is a great challenge to obtain an ideal guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane. In this study, tragacanth gum (GT) was introduced into a chitosan\/nano-hydroxyapatite (CS\/n-HA) system. The effects of different component ratios and strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) on the physical-chemical properties and degradation behavior of the CS\/Sr-n-HA\/GT ternary composite membrane were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle, electromechanical universal tester and in vitro soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results showed that CS could be ionically crosslinked with GT through electrostatic interaction, and Sr-n-HA was loaded via hydrogen bond, which endowed the GT\/CS\/n-HA composite membrane with good tensile strength and hydrophilicity. In addition, the results of immersion in SBF in vitro showed that CS\/n-HA\/GT composite membranes had different degradation rates and good apatite deposition by investigating the changes in pH value, weight loss, water absorption ratio, SEM morphology observation and tensile strength reduction. All results revealed that the CS\/Sr-n-HA\/GT (6:2:2) ternary composite membrane possessed the strongest ionic crosslinking of GT and CS, which was expected to obtain more satisfactory GBR membranes, and this study will provide new applications of GT in the field of biomedical membranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:37:28Z","timestamp":1688517448000},"page":"2942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Tragacanth Gum\/Chitosan\/Sr-Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liuyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengpei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.19-0218","article-title":"Clinical and histological evaluations of alveolar ridge augmentation using a novel bi-layered porous polyethylene barrier membrane","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.L., Wang, L.N., Zhou, Z.Y., Lai, H.J., Xu, P., Liao, L., and Wei, J.C. (2016). Biodegradable Polymer Membranes Applied in Guided Bone\/Tissue Regeneration: A Review. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8040115"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.05.041","article-title":"Biomimetic bone regeneration using angle-ply collagen membrane-supported cell sheets subjected to mechanical conditioning","volume":"112","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/4\/045012","article-title":"Biocompatibility, resorption and biofunctionality of a new synthetic biodegradable membrane for guided bone regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Hoornaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, C.L., Deng, F.S., Chuang, C.Y., and Lin, C.H. (2021). Antimicrobial Actions and Applications of Chitosan. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13060904"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-019-9579-8","article-title":"Polysaccharides-based nanohybrids: Promising candidates for biomedical materials","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117878","article-title":"Mussel-inspired adhesive and polypeptide-based antibacterial thermo-sensitive hydroxybutyl chitosan hydrogel as BMSCs 3D culture matrix for wound healing","volume":"261","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, N.S., Zhao, M.G., Li, S.J., Hao, J.H., Wu, Z.Y., and Zhang, C. (2022). Stereocomplexation Reinforced High Strength Poly(L-lactide)\/Nanohydroxyapatite Composites for Potential Bone Repair Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030645"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213403","article-title":"Toward osteomimetic formation of calcium phosphate coatings with carbonated hydroxyapatite","volume":"149","author":"Joanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"236","article-title":"Different Methods for Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructures","volume":"13","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biointer. Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.017","article-title":"Mediation of synergistic chemotherapy and gene therapy via nanoparticles based on chitosan and ionic polysaccharides","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107754","article-title":"Constructing acid-resistant chitosan\/cellulose nanofibrils composite membrane for the adsorption of methylene blue","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.120202","article-title":"Fabrication of highly permeable CS\/NaAlg loose nanofiltration membrane by ionic crosslinking assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly for dye desalination","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03145-2","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of bamboo fiber\/chitosan\/nano-hydroxyapatite composite membrane by ionic crosslinking","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"65","article-title":"A novel composite membrane of chitosan-carboxymethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte complex membrane filled with nano-hydroxyapatite I.Preparation and properties","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.153","article-title":"Biological activity of multicomponent bio-hydrogels loaded with tragacanth gum","volume":"215","author":"Polez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadinejad, R., Kumar, A., Ranjbar-Mohammadi, M., Ashrafizadeh, M., Han, S.S., Khang, G., and Roveimiab, Z. (2020). Recent Advances in Natural Gum-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: A Review. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010176"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S570","DOI":"10.1080\/15538362.2020.1746730","article-title":"Edible Coating of Fruits and Vegetables Using Natural Gums: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inter. J. Fruit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.02.076","article-title":"Recent progress in the industrial and biomedical applications of tragacanth gum","volume":"212","author":"Zare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.10.020","article-title":"Development of nanofibrous scaffolds containing gum tragacanth\/poly (\u03b5-caprolactone) for application as skin scaffolds","volume":"48","author":"Bahrami","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124343","article-title":"A review on tragacanth gum: A promising natural polysaccharide in drug delivery and cell therapy","volume":"241","author":"Zahra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126615","article-title":"Fabrication of honey-loaded ethylcellulose\/gum tragacanth nanofibers as an effective antibacterial wound dressing","volume":"621","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloid. Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.02.001","article-title":"Ion-doped hydroxyapatite: An impasse or the road to follow?","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoor, F., Golbang, A., Dixon, D., Mancuso, E., Azhar, U., Manolakis, I., Crawford, D., McIlhagger, A., and Harkin-Jones, E. (2022). 3D Printed Strontium and Zinc Doped Hydroxyapatite Loaded PEEK for Craniomaxillofacial Implants. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071376"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_192_18","article-title":"Zinc Incorporated Nano Hydroxyapatite: A Novel Bone Graft Used for Regeneration of Intrabony Defects","volume":"9","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, S.W., Yu, W.X., Hwang, P.A., Hsu, Y.W., and Hsu, F.Y. (2019). Fabrication and Characteristics of PCL Membranes Containing Strontium-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers for Guided Bone Regeneration. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111761"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250108","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793292022501089","article-title":"Strontium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanowires with a Hierarchical Interface: Enhancing Osteoinduction and Cellular Attachment","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6600","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00768H","article-title":"Effects of bioactive strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite on osseointegration of polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2014.02.019","article-title":"Effect of different synthesis conditions on the microstructure, crystallinity and solubility of Mg-substituted hydroxyapatite nanopowder","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.03.034","article-title":"Development of degradable and bioactive composite as bone implants by incorporation of mesoporous bioglass into poly(l-lactide)","volume":"77","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"4601","article-title":"Effect of a bioactive glass-ceramic on the apatite nucleation on titanium surface modified by micro-arc oxidation","volume":"206","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Effect of Strontium-Substituted Nanohydroxyapatite Coating of Porous Implant Surfaces on Implant Osseointegration in a Rabbit Model","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Max. Implant."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1648","article-title":"Novel naturally crosslinked electrospun nanofibrous chitosan mats for guided bone regeneration membranes: Material characterization and cytocompatibility","volume":"9","author":"Norowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.056","article-title":"Nanostructural insights into the dissolution behavior of Sr-doped hydroxyapatite","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900762","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201900762","article-title":"Smart Designing of Tragacanth Gum by Graft Functionalization for Advanced Materials","volume":"305","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b01543","article-title":"Enhanced in vitro mineralization and in vivo osteogenesis of composite scaffolds through controlled surface grafting of L-lactic acid oligomer on nano-hydroxyapatite","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, D.J. (2022). Bone Mineralization in Electrospun-Based Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102123"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.10.014","article-title":"Environmental pH-controlled loading and release of protein on mesoporous hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for bone tislsue engineering","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. C Mater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/13\/2942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:05:45Z","timestamp":1760126745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/13\/2942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15132942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15132942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]}}}