{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:09:14Z","timestamp":1790345354785,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-13-00130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-13-00130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-73-10148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-73-10148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel approach to surface modification was developed to improve the corrosion performance of biodegradable magnesium alloys. Additively manufactured magnesium samples and Mg-Mn-based magnesium alloys were used in this study. This method involves the combination of plasma electrolytic oxidation to create a porous ceramic-like matrix, followed by treatment with protective biocompatible agents. The most efficient method for the PEO-layer impregnation using sodium oleate and polycaprolactone was selected and optimized. The correlation between the structure, composition, and protective properties of the hybrid coatings was established. The composition of the formed polymer-containing layers was established using XPS and Raman microspectroscopy. The presence of sodium oleate and its distribution across the coating surface was confirmed at the microscale. The corrosion-protection level of the hybrid layers was assessed using potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, hydrogen evolution testing, and gravimetry (mass-loss tests) in vitro. The oleate-containing polycaprolactone layers (HC-SO 0.1\u20132) demonstrated stable corrosion behavior even after 7 days of immersion in Hank\u2019s balanced salt solution. The corrosion-current density and impedance modulus measured at a frequency of 0.1 Hz for the samples with hybrid coating after 7 days of exposure were equal to 5.68 \u00d7 10\u22128 A\u2219cm\u22122 and 2.03 \u00d7 106 \u2126\u2219cm2, respectively. The developed method of surface modification demonstrates the coating\u2019s self-healing properties. The effectiveness of employing hybrid anticorrosive bioactive PEO coatings for biomedical products made from magnesium and its alloys was demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15143035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:39:41Z","timestamp":1689295181000},"page":"3035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Hybrid Coatings for Active Protection against Corrosion of Mg and Its Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey S.","family":"Gnedenkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey L.","family":"Sinebryukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriia S.","family":"Filonina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Yu.","family":"Ustinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1576-8680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Gnedenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.11.025","article-title":"45S5 Bioglass\u00ae-Derived Glass\u2013Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.039","article-title":"Biodegradable and Bioactive Porous Polymer\/Inorganic Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"27","author":"Rezwan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0379","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering Therapeutics: Controlled Drug Delivery in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds","volume":"7","author":"Boccaccini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.10.008","article-title":"Calcium Phosphates in Biomedical Applications: Materials for the Future?","volume":"19","author":"Habraken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805402","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805402","article-title":"Fundamental Theory of Biodegradable Metals\u2014Definition, Criteria, and Design","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnedenkov, A.S., Sinebryukhov, S.L., Filonina, V.S., Ustinov, A.Y., Sukhoverkhov, S.V., and Gnedenkov, S.V. (2023). New Polycaprolactone-Containing Self-Healing Coating Design for Enhance Corrosion Resistance of the Magnesium and Its Alloys. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15010202"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310275","article-title":"Bioresorbable Scaffold","volume":"120","author":"Sotomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000499624","article-title":"Resorbable Magnesium Scaffolds in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: \u201cTo Be or Not to Be\u201d?","volume":"142","author":"Kassimis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(02)00089-4","article-title":"Magnesium: Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Vormann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.11.027","article-title":"The Detailed Corrosion Performance of Bioresorbable Mg-0.8Ca Alloy in Physiological Solutions","volume":"10","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1250","article-title":"Bioactive Sol-Gel Foams for Tissue Repair","volume":"59","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110653","article-title":"A Review of Techniques for the Application of Bioactive Coatings on Metal-Based Implants to Achieve Controlled Release of Active Ingredients","volume":"217","author":"Kravanja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.08.027","article-title":"Controlling the Degradation Rate of Bioactive Magnesium Implants by Electrophoretic Deposition of Akermanite Coating","volume":"40","author":"Razavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126224","article-title":"58S and 68S Sol-Gel Glass-like Bioactive Coatings for Enhancing the Implant Performance of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy","volume":"400","author":"Omar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnedenkov, A.S., Sinebryukhov, S.L., Filonina, V.S., and Gnedenkov, S.V. (J. Magnes. Alloy., 2022). Hydroxyapatite-Containing PEO-Coating Design for Biodegradable Mg-0.8Ca Alloy: Formation and Corrosion Behaviour, J. Magnes. Alloy., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.12.002"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.126996","article-title":"The Effect of Pulsed Electron Irradiation on the Structure, Phase Composition, Adhesion and Corrosion Properties of Calcium Phosphate Coating on Mg0.8Ca Alloy","volume":"294","author":"Sedelnikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.05.020","article-title":"A Self-Healing and Bioactive Coating Based on Duplex Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation\/Polydopamine on AZ91 Alloy for Bone Implants","volume":"11","author":"Farshid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.05.002","article-title":"Smart Composite Antibacterial Coatings with Active Corrosion Protection of Magnesium Alloys","volume":"10","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1134\/S2070205118020144","article-title":"An Active Corrosion Inhibition Coating of Two Pack Epoxy Polyamide System Using Halloysite Nanocontainer","volume":"54","author":"Bagale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021539","article-title":"Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds for Coronary Revascularization","volume":"134","author":"Kereiakes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnedenkov, A.S., Sinebryukhov, S.L., Mashtalyar, D.V., Imshinetskiy, I.M., Vyaliy, I.E., and Gnedenkov, S.V. (2019). Effect of Microstructure on the Corrosion Resistance of TIG Welded 1579 Alloy. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12162615"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnedenkov, A.S., Kononenko, Y.I., Sinebryukhov, S.L., Filonina, V.S., Vyaliy, I.E., Nomerovskii, A.D., Ustinov, A.Y., and Gnedenkov, S.V. (2023). The Effect of Smart PEO-Coatings Impregnated with Corrosion Inhibitors on the Protective Properties of AlMg3 Aluminum Alloy. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062215"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.213.143","article-title":"Features of the Magnesium Alloys Corrosion in the Chloride-Containing Media","volume":"213","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnedenkov, A.S., Filonina, V.S., Sinebryukhov, S.L., and Gnedenkov, S.V. (2023). A Superior Corrosion Protection of Mg Alloy via Smart Nontoxic Hybrid Inhibitor-Containing Coatings. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062538"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00457-9","article-title":"Hydrophobic Ion Pair Formation between Leuprolide and Sodium Oleate for Sustained Release from Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres","volume":"203","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.07.021","article-title":"Synthesis of Composites of Sodium Oleate\/Mg-Al-Ascorbic Acid-Layered Double Hydroxides for Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"381","author":"Kameshima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(08)50047-5","article-title":"A Novel Insulin-Sodium Oleate Complex for Oral Administration: Preparation, Characterization and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.170","article-title":"Inhibition Effect and Mechanism of Sodium Oleate on Passivation and Pitting Corrosion of Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3287638","article-title":"Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion by Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate and Sodium Oleate in Acidic Solutions","volume":"54","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Corrosion Protection of Magnesium Alloy by PEO-Coatings Containing Sodium Oleate","volume":"8","author":"Chirkunov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"795","article-title":"Recent Advancement in Biomedical Applications of Polycaprolactone and Polycaprolactone-Based Materials","volume":"4","author":"Dhanasekaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encycl. Mater. Plast. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.125473","article-title":"Tuning Polycaprolactone Degradation for Long Acting Implantables","volume":"262","author":"Lykins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105668","article-title":"Assessment of the Structures Contribution (Crystalline and Mesophases) and Mechanical Properties of Polycaprolactone\/Pluronic Blends","volume":"139","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-014-0508-2","article-title":"Mixed Micellar Nanoparticles Based on PCL-PEG-PPO-PEG-PCL Pentablocks","volume":"21","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e01563","article-title":"Production and Optimization of Novel Rice Husk Ash Reinforced Polycaprolactone\/Hydroxyapatite Composite for Bone Regeneration Using Grey Relational Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Adamu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. African"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/b137240","article-title":"Polymers as Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"Volume 102","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in Biochemical Engineering\/Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00101-0","article-title":"Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers as Orthopedic Devices","volume":"21","author":"Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, J.P., Yenet Ayen, W., Domb, A.J., and Kumar, N. (2011). Biodegradable Polymers in Clinical Use and Clinical Development, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118015810.ch1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3305","article-title":"Biodegradable Polymers-an Overview","volume":"25","author":"Doppalapudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2015.10.015","article-title":"Localized Corrosion of the Mg Alloys with Inhibitor-Containing Coatings: SVET and SIET Studies","volume":"102","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109254","article-title":"Control of the Mg Alloy Biodegradation via PEO and Polymer-Containing Coatings","volume":"182","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.108689","article-title":"Localized Currents and PH Distribution Studied during Corrosion of MA8 Mg Alloy in the Cell Culture Medium","volume":"170","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.108552","article-title":"Electrochemical Behaviour of the MA8 Mg Alloy in Minimum Essential Medium","volume":"168","author":"Gnedenkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2021, December 08). MD-System. Available online: https:\/\/www.melytec.ru\/upload\/iblock\/8ca\/\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 MD-System_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2018.02.003","article-title":"Review of Magnesium-Based Biomaterials and Their Applications","volume":"6","author":"Sezer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2013.06.030","article-title":"Corrosion Behaviour in Salt Spray and in 3.5% NaCl Solution Saturated with Mg(OH)2 of as-Cast and Solution Heat-Treated Binary Mg-X Alloys: X=Mn, Sn, Ca, Zn, Al, Zr, Si, Sr","volume":"76","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnedenkov, A.S., Nomerovskii, A.D., Tsvetnikov, A.K., Sinebryukhov, S.L., and Gnedenkov, S.V. (2023). Cold-Sprayed Composite Metal-Fluoropolymer Coatings for Alloy Protection against Corrosion and Wear. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16030918"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.5006\/2510","article-title":"Influence of Electrolyte Composition (Simulated Body Fluid vs. Dulbecco\u2019s Modified Eagle\u2019s Medium), Temperature, and Solution Flow on the Biocorrosion Behavior of Commercially Pure Mg","volume":"73","author":"Wagener","year":"2017","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.108831","article-title":"Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Mg-Sc Binary Alloys in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl Solution","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02257","article-title":"Characterization of Aqueous Oleic Acid\/Oleate Dispersions by Fluorescent Probes and Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"32","author":"Suga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15003","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-15003-2021","article-title":"An Organic Crystalline State in Ageing Atmospheric Aerosol Proxies: Spatially Resolved Structural Changes in Levitated Fatty Acid Particles","volume":"21","author":"Milsom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2125","article-title":"Reference Database of Raman Spectra of Pharmaceutical Excipients","volume":"40","author":"Vandenabeele","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2014.01.021","article-title":"An Ultraviolet Raman Wavelength for the In-Situ Analysis of Organic Compounds Relevant to Astrobiology","volume":"93\u201394","author":"Eshelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.03.043","article-title":"Bone Physiological Microenvironment and Healing Mechanism: Basis for Future Bone-Tissue Engineering Scaffolds","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.05.037","article-title":"Computational Study of Wolff\u2019s Law with Trabecular Architecture in the Human Proximal Femur Using Topology Optimization","volume":"41","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.020","article-title":"A Wolff in Sheep\u2019s Clothing: Trabecular Bone Adaptation in Response to Changes in Joint Loading Orientation","volume":"49","author":"Barak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/14\/3035\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:18Z","timestamp":1760127138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/14\/3035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15143035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15143035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}