{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T09:49:25Z","timestamp":1767260965614,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200146","451-03-47\/2023-01\/200161","P2-0393","I0-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200146","451-03-47\/2023-01\/200161","P2-0393","I0-0003"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200146","451-03-47\/2023-01\/200161","P2-0393","I0-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200146","451-03-47\/2023-01\/200161","P2-0393","I0-0003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochemical crosslinking of alginate strands by in situ iron oxidation was explored using a potentiostatic regime. Carbon-based materials co-doped with iron, nitrogen, and\/or sulfur were prepared via electrolyte composition variation with a nitrogen-rich compound (rivanol) or through post-treatments with sodium sulfide. Nanometer-sized iron particles were confirmed by transmission and field emission scanning electron microscopy in all samples as a consequence of the homogeneous dispersion of iron in the alginate scaffold and its concomitant growth-limiting effect of alginate chains. Raman spectra confirmed a rise in structural disorder with rivanol\/Na2S treatment, which points to more defect sites and edges known to be active sites for oxygen reduction. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the presence of different iron, nitrogen, and sulfur species, with a marked difference between Na2S treated\/untreated samples. The most positive onset potential (\u22120.26 V vs. saturated calomel electrode, SCE) was evidenced for the sample co-doped with N, S, and Fe, surpassing the activity of those with single and\/or double doping. The mechanism of oxygen reduction in 0.1 M KOH was dominated by the 2e\u2212 reduction pathway at low overpotentials and shifted towards complete 4e\u2212 reduction at the most negative explored values. The presented results put forward electrochemically formed alginate gels functionalized by homogeneously dispersed multivalent cations as an excellent starting point in nanomaterial design and engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15153169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T02:07:17Z","timestamp":1690423637000},"page":"3169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrochemical Crosslinking of Alginate\u2014Towards Doped Carbons for Oxygen Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5451-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Rupar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6408-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Hrnji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department for Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sne\u017eana","family":"Uskokovi\u0107-Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danica","family":"Bajuk-Bogdanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Milojevi\u0107-Raki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Gavrilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jano\u0161evi\u0107 Le\u017eai\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2799-4","article-title":"Platinum-Based Catalysts on Various Carbon Supports and Conducting Polymers for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Ramli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. 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