{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:31:02Z","timestamp":1783981862725,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-23-00044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-23-00044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we focused on synthesizing and assessing novel chitosan-based antibacterial polymers and their nanoparticles by incorporating benzothiazole substituents. The growing resistance to antibiotics has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial compounds. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate chitosan-based polymers and nanoparticles with benzothiazole substituents for their antibacterial properties and toxicity. The benzothiazole derivatives of chitosan and their nanoparticles were synthesized through electrochemical coupling. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy was tested on white rats with induced peritonitis using a microbial suspension containing S. aureus and E. coli. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments were conducted. The chitosan-based antibacterial systems showed significant in vivo antibacterial activity, surpassing that of unmodified chitosan and commercial antibiotics. Moreover, the toxicity studies revealed low toxicity levels of the synthesized derivatives, which did not differ significantly from native chitosan. The synthesized chitosan-based polymers and nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity and low toxicity, highlighting their potential as effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Further investigations in pharmacology and preclinical trials are recommended to explore their application in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15163469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:38:31Z","timestamp":1692581911000},"page":"3469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Benzothiazole Derivatives of Chitosan and Their Derived Nanoparticles: Synthesis and In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tatsiana V.","family":"Shakola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"},{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Vitebsk State Medical University, Frunze Av. 27, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasili V.","family":"Rubanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Acoustics NAS of Belarus, Ludnikova Prosp. 13, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Vasili V.","family":"Rubanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Acoustics NAS of Belarus, Ludnikova Prosp. 13, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleh V.","family":"Kurliuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Vitebsk State Medical University, Frunze Av. 27, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoly A.","family":"Kirichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Tskhovrebov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton R.","family":"Egorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreii S.","family":"Kritchenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Technical Acoustics NAS of Belarus, Ludnikova Prosp. 13, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_362","article-title":"Infections, Inflammation, and Psychiatric Illness: Review of Postmortem Evidence","volume":"61","author":"Webster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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