{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:23:24Z","timestamp":1780619004214,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Several analytical methods for the fiber pull-out test have been developed to evaluate the bond strength of fiber\u2013matrix systems. We aimed to investigate the debonding mechanism of a fiber\u2013silicone pull-out specimen and validate the experimental data using 3D-FEM and a cohesive element approach. Methods: A 3D model of a fiber\u2013silicone pull-out testing specimen was established by pre-processing CT images of the typical specimen. The materials on the scans were posted in three different cross-sectional views using ScanIP and imported to ScanFE in which 3D generation was implemented for all of the image slices. This file was exported in FEA format and was imported in the FEA software (PATRAN\/ABAQUS, version r2) for generating solid mesh, boundary conditions, and material properties attribution, as well as load case creation and data processing. Results: The FEM cohesive zone pull-out force versus displacement curve showed an initial linear response. The Von Mises stress concentration was distributed along the fiber\u2013silicone interface. The damage in the principal stresses\u2019 directions S11, S22, and S33, which represented the maximum possible magnitude of tensile and compressive stress at the fiber\u2013silicone interface, showed that the stress is higher in the direction S33 (stress acting in the Z-direction) in which the lower damage criterion was higher as well when compared to S11 (stress acting in the XY plane) and S23 (stress acting in the YZ plane). Conclusions: The comparison between the experimental values and the results from the finite element simulations show that the proposed cohesive zone model accurately reproduces the experimental results. These results are considered almost identical to the experimental observations about the interface. The cohesive element approach is a potential function that takes into account the shear effects with many advantages related to its ability to predict the initiation and progress of the fiber\u2013silicone debonding during pull-out tests. A disadvantage of this approach is the computational effort required for the simulation and analysis process. A good understanding of the parameters related to the cohesive laws is responsible for a successful simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:14:14Z","timestamp":1693995254000},"page":"3668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cohesive Zone Modeling of Pull-Out Test for Dental Fiber\u2013Silicone Polymer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7426-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman M.","family":"Maqableh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Luminus Technical University College (LTUC), Amman 11118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhanad M.","family":"Hatamleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Allied Dental Sciences Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.08.002","article-title":"Maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK: A survey of maxillofacial prosthetists\u2019 and technologists\u2019 attitudes and opinions","volume":"39","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2012.00916.x","article-title":"Construction of an implant-retained auricular prosthesis with the aid of contemporary digital technologies: A clinical report","volume":"22","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2010.00627.x","article-title":"Effect of extraoral aging conditions on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer","volume":"19","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.10.001","article-title":"Mechanical properties and bonding of maxillofacial silicone elastomers","volume":"26","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2011.00736.x","article-title":"Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer","volume":"20","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatamleh, M.M., Hatamlah, H.M., and Nuseir, A. (2023). Maxillofacial prosthetics and digital technologies: Cross-sectional study of healthcare service provision, patient attitudes, and opinions. J. Prosthodont.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13718"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.02.026","article-title":"Successful prosthetic salvage of a suboptimal autogenous auricular reconstruction with digital technologies: A report of 3 challenging treatments","volume":"128","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.05.009","article-title":"Mechanical properties and bonding of maxillofacial silicone elastomer mixed with nano-sized anti-microbials","volume":"39","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12409","article-title":"Mechanical Properties and Simulated Aging of Silicone Maxillofacial Elastomers: Advancements in the Past 45 Years","volume":"25","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"116","article-title":"Fibre reinforcement enhances bonding of soft lining to acrylic dental and maxillofacial prostheses","volume":"16","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60235-8","article-title":"A fiber-reinforced composite prosthesis restoring a lateral midfacial defect: A clinical report","volume":"100","author":"Kurunmaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.07.018","article-title":"Complete integration of technology for improved reproduction of auricular prostheses","volume":"111","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13001","article-title":"Direct 3D Printing of Flexible Nasal Prosthesis: Optimized Digital Workflow from Scan to Fit","volume":"28","author":"Nuseir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2009.00566.x","article-title":"Effect of net fiber reinforcement surface treatment on soft denture liner retention and longevity","volume":"19","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2010.00584.x","article-title":"Effects of accelerated artificial daylight aging on bending strength and bonding of glass fibers in fiber-embedded maxillofacial silicone prostheses","volume":"19","author":"Hatamleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00355-6","article-title":"The influence of short-term water storage on the flexural properties of unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced composites","volume":"23","author":"Lassila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00003-4","article-title":"Water sorption, solubility and effect of post-curing of glass fibre reinforced polymers","volume":"20","author":"Miettinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)01147-8","article-title":"Prosthesis serviceability for acquired jaw defects","volume":"34","author":"Adisman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5631","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01160808","article-title":"Detailed analysis of the fibre pull-out test","volume":"31","author":"Zucchini","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018534323464","article-title":"Fracture mechanics of single-fibre pull-out test","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(96)00019-1","article-title":"The Micromechanics of Fiber Pull-Out","volume":"44","author":"Tsai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-835X(95)00069-E","article-title":"The single-fibre pull-out test. 1:Review and interpretation","volume":"27A","author":"DiFrancia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1163\/156856107781362662","article-title":"Finite element analysis of load transfer at a fibre-matrix interface during pull-out loading","volume":"21","author":"Kharrat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00592142","article-title":"Fracture mechanics finite element analysis of debonding crack extension for a single fibre pull-out specimen","volume":"14","author":"Beckert","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1106\/YKDM-PX8K-NF6Q-L7FK","article-title":"Computer Modeling and FEA Simulation for Composite Single Fiber Pull-out","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2006.02.015","article-title":"Analytical evaluation of pull-out tests-The inverse problem","volume":"28","author":"Banholzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.09.021","article-title":"Phase-stepping photoelasticity for the measurement of interfacial shear stress in single fibre composites","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7683(01)00085-3","article-title":"Simulation of fiber debonding with friction in a model composite pushout test","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016333709040","article-title":"Delamination buckling and propagation analysis of honeycomb panels using a cohesive element approach","volume":"115","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.857","article-title":"Dynamic crack propagation with cohesive elements: A methodology to address mesh dependency","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2004.10.025","article-title":"Finite element simulation of shaped ductile fiber pullout using a mixed cohesive zone\/friction interface model","volume":"36","author":"Tsai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2005.12.042","article-title":"Cohesive elements for thin-walled structures","volume":"37","author":"Scheider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7683(99)00155-9","article-title":"Three dimensional cohesive-element analysis and experiments of dynamic fracture in C300 steel","volume":"37","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0207(19990330)44:9<1267::AID-NME486>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Finite-Deformation Irreversible Cohesive Elements for Three-Dimensional Crack-Propagation Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ortiz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021). Plastics Piping Systems\u2014Mechanical Joints between Fittings and Pressure Pipes\u2014Test Method for Resistance to Pull-Out under Constant Longitudinal Force. Standard No. ISO 3501:2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/82023.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(91)90781-H","article-title":"Interfacial debonding and fiber pull-out stresses of fiber-reinforced composites. Part VI. Interpretation of fiber pull-out curves","volume":"A149","author":"Hsueh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(90)90254-Z","article-title":"Interfacial Debonding and Fiber Pull-out Stresses of Fiber-reinforced Composites II: Non-constant Interfacial Bond Strength","volume":"A125","author":"Hsueh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00540456","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of embedded fibre length on fibre debonding and pull-out from an elastic matrix. Part 1\u2014Review of theories","volume":"19","author":"Gray","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018647718400","article-title":"An improved analysis for axisymetric stress distributions in the single fibre pull-out test","volume":"32","author":"Quek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2008.01.003","article-title":"Debonding Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer Strengthned Beams: Cohesive Zone Modeling Versus a Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Approach","volume":"75","author":"Rabinovitch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2006.01.005","article-title":"Modelling the mixed-mode failure of cement-bone interfaces","volume":"73","author":"Moreo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/18\/3668\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:45:59Z","timestamp":1760129159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/18\/3668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15183668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15183668","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}