{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:44:24Z","timestamp":1790948664637,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)","award":["APQ 01185-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ 01185-22"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)","award":["404202\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404202\/2021-7"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["APQ 01185-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ 01185-22"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["404202\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404202\/2021-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of respiratory diseases represents a considerable public health challenge, as they are among the leading causes of death worldwide. In this sense, in addition to the high prevalence of diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer, emerging respiratory diseases, particularly those caused by members of the coronavirus family, have contributed to a significant number of deaths on a global scale over the last two decades. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to optimize the efficacy of treatments against these diseases, focusing on pulmonary drug delivery using nanomedicine. Thus, the development of nanocarriers has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of conventional therapy, by increasing drug bioavailability at the target site and reducing unwanted side effects. In this context, nanoparticles composed of chitosan (CS) show advantages over other nanocarriers because chitosan possesses intrinsic biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucoadhesive capacity. Moreover, CS nanoparticles have the potential to enhance drug stability, prolong the duration of action, improve drug targeting, control drug release, optimize dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, and increase cell membrane permeability of hydrophobic drugs. These properties could optimize the performance of the drug after its pulmonary administration. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the potential of chitosan nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery, highlighting how their biological properties can improve the treatment of pulmonary diseases, including their synergistic action with the encapsulated drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T21:16:49Z","timestamp":1695331009000},"page":"3849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Advancements in Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Medeiros","family":"Zacaron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Leite Sim\u00f5es e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirsiane Pascoal","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique Mesquita e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allana Carvalho","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina Morais","family":"Apol\u00f4nio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Luiz","family":"Fabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico","family":"Pittella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7914-5039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helv\u00e9cio Vin\u00edcius Antunes","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology\u2014Farmanguinhos, FIOCRUZ\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Diniz","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease","volume":"19","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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