{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:46:59Z","timestamp":1790351219834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Project of Henan Province","award":["202102210044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102210044"]}]},{"name":"Technology Project of Henan Province","award":["232102240058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232102240058"]}]},{"name":"Technology Project of Henan Province","award":["19A460026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A460026"]}]},{"name":"Technology Project of Henan Province","award":["22IRTSTHN018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22IRTSTHN018"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Henan","award":["202102210044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102210044"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Henan","award":["232102240058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232102240058"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Henan","award":["19A460026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A460026"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Henan","award":["22IRTSTHN018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22IRTSTHN018"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province of University Technology Innovation Team","award":["202102210044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102210044"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province of University Technology Innovation Team","award":["232102240058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232102240058"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province of University Technology Innovation Team","award":["19A460026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A460026"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province of University Technology Innovation Team","award":["22IRTSTHN018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22IRTSTHN018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bonding properties of BFRP composites have been demonstrated in previous studies, satisfying the strength and durability criteria. In this paper, a further in-depth study is carried out to bond Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) to Aluminum Alloy 5052 using two bonding agents, Aralite\u00ae 2012 and Aralite\u00ae 2015, respectively. The salt sprays under 80 \u00b0C, 3.5% NaCl environment; 80 \u00b0C, 5% NaCl environment; and pure water environment are also considered for comparison. Experimental results show that joints created with Araldite\u00ae 2012 adhesives show higher average breaking strength (10.66 MPa at 720 h) and better ductility in a 5% NaCl environment. While the Araldite\u00ae 2015 adhesive joint exhibits a combination of tear failure and interface failure, along with thin-layer cohesion failure. In the SEM images of the two adhesive joints\u2019 failure, fiber pullout due to tension and damage at the interface between fiber and resin is apparent. To validate the experimental outcomes, water absorption testing, DSC, TGA-DTG, and FTIR experiments were conducted on dog-bone-shaped adhesive specimens to elucidate the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T08:55:01Z","timestamp":1695718501000},"page":"3892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Ductile\/Brittle Epoxy Resin BFRP-AL Joints under Different Immersion Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haichao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8275-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisa","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Transportation, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmarakbi, A. (2013). Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118535288"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"526851","article-title":"Fundamental mechanical problems in high-performance aerospace composite structures: State-of-art review","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta. Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toozandehjani, M., Kamarudin, N., Dashtizadeh, Z., Lim, E.Y., Gomes, A., and Gomes, C. (2018). Conventional and Advanced Composites in Aerospace Industry: Technologies Revisited. Am. J. Aerosp. Eng., 5.","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajae.20180501.12"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.10.027","article-title":"Effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties of hybrid composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers","volume":"58","author":"Subagia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.03.033","article-title":"Low velocity impact properties of intra-ply hybrid composites based on basalt and nylon woven fabrics","volume":"31","author":"Dehkordi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.05.022","article-title":"The effect of post-processing of carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites","volume":"45","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.005","article-title":"Composite materials and their damage detection using AI techniques for aerospace application: A brief review","volume":"44","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.02.745","article-title":"Use of composite materials and hybrid composites in wind turbine blades","volume":"46","author":"Reddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e00612","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical properties of chopped glass\/basalt fibers reinforced polymer mortars","volume":"15","author":"Cakir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120972","article-title":"Experimental study and analytical modeling on tensile performance of basalt textile reinforced concrete","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108933","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics, constitutive models and fracture behaviors of short basalt fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites under varying strain rates","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-022-03801-7","article-title":"Fatigue reliability analysis of 5052 aluminium alloy self-piercing riveted joints with given confidence","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.07.039","article-title":"Effect of composite bone plates on callus generation and healing of fractured tibia with different screw configurations","volume":"167","author":"Mehboob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2020.100567","article-title":"Comparison on failure behavior of three-dimensional woven carbon\/carbon composites joints subjected to out-of-plane loading at room and high temperature","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2019.06.011","article-title":"The influence of adhesive porosity on composite joints","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2021.100878","article-title":"Enhancing strength and stiffness of composite joint through co-cure technique","volume":"27","author":"Dhilipkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, L.F.M., \u00d6chsner, A., and Adams, R.D. (2018). Handbook of Adhesion Technology, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55411-2"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"183","article-title":"Influence of adhesive thickness and filler content on the mechanical performance of aluminum single-lap joints bonded with aluminum powder filled epoxy adhesive","volume":"205","author":"Kahraman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38767","article-title":"Microencapsulation of imidazole curing agent by solvent evaporation method using W\/O\/W emulsion","volume":"129","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.07.059","article-title":"Effect of continuous high temperature exposure on the adhesive strength of epoxy adhesive, CFRP and adhesively bonded CFRP-aluminum alloy joints","volume":"154","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.07.014","article-title":"Environmental durability of adhesively bonded FRP\/steel joints in civil engineering applications: State of the art","volume":"81","author":"Heshmati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2202873","article-title":"Modeling the Transport of Low-Molecular-Weight Penetrants Within Polymer Matrix Composites","volume":"59","author":"Bond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.119877","article-title":"Kinetics, reaction pathways, and mechanism investigation for improved environmental remediation by 0D\/3D CdTe\/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme catalyst","volume":"285","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122534","article-title":"The effects of aging in seawater and SWSSC and strain rate on the tensile performance of GFRP\/BFRP composites: A critical review","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, R., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Ding, Z., Peng, H., and Fan, Y. (2023). Durability of Two Epoxy Adhesive BFRP Joints Dipped in Seawater under High Temperature Environment. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15153232"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2003). Adhesives-Determination of Tensile Lap-Shear Strength of Rigid-To-Rigid Bonded Assemblies (Standard No. ISO 4587:2003)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding (Standard No. ASTM D5868-01(2014))."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2012). Plastics-Determination of Tensile Properties-Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion Plastics (Standard No. ISO 527-2:2012)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2004). Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Plastics-Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC-Part I: General Principles (Standard No. GB\/T 19466.1-2004). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1081\/DRT-100001361","article-title":"In-plane moisture transport in paper detected by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"19","author":"Leisen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.025","article-title":"Effect of water, seawater and alkaline solution ageing on mechanical properties of flax fabric\/epoxy composites used for civil engineering applications","volume":"99","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.077","article-title":"Independent environmental effects on durability of fiber-reinforced polymer wraps in civil applications: A review","volume":"48","author":"Holliday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Karbhari, V.M. (2007). Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-7496(95)91624-F","article-title":"Diffusion of water into an epoxy adhesive: Comparison between bulk behaviour and adhesive joints","volume":"15","author":"Shanahan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.07.067","article-title":"Environmental ageing on GFRP pultruded joints: Comparison between different adhesives","volume":"133","author":"Stazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2021.102871","article-title":"Effect of cellulosic fillers addition on curing and adhesion strength of moisture-curing one-component polyurethane adhesives","volume":"108","author":"Bhagavathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulus, H., Kaybal, H.B., Cac\u0131k, F., Eskizeybek, V., and Avc\u0131, A. (2022). Fracture and dynamic mechanical analysis of seawater aged aluminum-BFRP hybrid adhesive joints. Eng. Fract. Mech., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2022.108507"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, B., Binhasan, M., Shabib, S., Al-Qahtani, A.S., Tulbah, H.I., Al-Aali, K.A., Vohra, F., and Abduljabbar, T. (2022). Adhesive bond integrity of silanized zirconia nanoparticles in polymeric resin dentin bonding agent. An FTIR, SEM, and micro-tensile experiment. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2021.103069"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2010.04.001","article-title":"Coupled thermal\u2013electrical analysis for carbon fiber\/epoxy composites exposed to simulated lightning current","volume":"41","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.04.019","article-title":"Thermal-oxidative aging of DGEBA\/EPN\/LMPA epoxy system: Chemical structure and thermal\u2013mechanical properties","volume":"96","author":"Pei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000132","article-title":"Wet Lay-Up Manufactured FRPs for Concrete and Masonry Repair: Influence of Water on the Properties of Composites and on Their Epoxy Components","volume":"14","author":"Sciolti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2014.01.022","article-title":"Absorption and glass transition temperature of adhesives exposed to water and toluene","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0576(13)70070-9","article-title":"How Moisture Affects Adhesives, Sealants, and Coatings","volume":"109","author":"Petrie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Met. Finish."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1605113","article-title":"Effects of Temperature and Moisture on the High Strain Rate Compression Response of Graphite\/Epoxy Composites","volume":"125","author":"Hosur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.01.051","article-title":"An investigation of hygrothermal effects on adhesive materials and double lap shear joints of CFRP composite laminates","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1163\/156856102320252877","article-title":"The effect of moisture on the failure locus and fracture energy of an epoxy\u2013steel interface","volume":"16","author":"Loh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2003.11.003","article-title":"Formation and characterisation of Ti\u2013Zr based conversion layers on AA6060 aluminium","volume":"184","author":"Lunder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2007.02.004","article-title":"An experimental and analytical study of the mechanical behaviour of adhesively bonded joints for variable extension rates and temperatures","volume":"28","author":"Deb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112443","article-title":"Effect of moisture and temperature on thermal and mechanical properties of structural polyurethane adhesive joints","volume":"247","author":"Galvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/19\/3892\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:58:45Z","timestamp":1760129925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/19\/3892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15193892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15193892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}}}