{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:47:06Z","timestamp":1790678826411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liuzhou Science and Technology Program: \u201cProduct and intelligent production line development for catalytic converter national\u201d","award":["2019BA10601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019BA10601"]}]},{"name":"Liuzhou Science and Technology Program: \u201cProduct and intelligent production line development for catalytic converter national\u201d","award":["03210126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03210126"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi University of Science and Technology","award":["2019BA10601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019BA10601"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi University of Science and Technology","award":["03210126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03210126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The severity of engine emissions for the environment and human health cannot be ignored. This article optimizes the combustion and emission of gasoline-cassava bioethanol fuel blends in electronic fuel injection engines using response surface methodology to achieve the goal of reducing carbon and pollutant emissions. The experiment investigated the effects of different gasoline-cassava bioethanol mixing ratios (G100, G90E10, G80E20, and G70E30) on engine performance, including torque, brake specific fuel consumption, power, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions. The results show that the gasoline-cassava bioethanol fuel blend is not as good as G100 in terms of braking power, torque, and brake specific fuel consumption, but better than G100 in terms of carbon monoxide emissions and total hydrocarbon emissions. Then, the optimization objective function was determined, and the combustion and emission characteristics were optimized using the response surface methodology method. The optimization results indicate that the response surface methodology method can determine the interaction between design variables such as brake specific fuel consumption, nitrogen oxides, and total hydrocarbon emissions and find the best solution. In this experiment, the independent variables of the best solution were 72.9 N\u00b7m torque, 30% G70E30 mixing rate, and 2000 rpm speed, corresponding to brake specific fuel consumption at 313 g\/(kW\u00b7h), nitrogen oxide emissions at 2.85 \u00d7 103 ppm, and total hydrocarbon emissions at 166 ppm. The findings of this study indicate that by optimizing the gasoline-cassava bioethanol mixture ratio, lower emission levels can be achieved in electronic fuel injection engines, thereby promoting the sustainable development of renewable energy and reducing pollutant emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1695966493000},"page":"3932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of Different Ratios of Gasoline-Ethanol Blend Fuels on Combustion Enhancement and Emission Reduction in Electronic Fuel Injection Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yanshuai","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9047-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihuang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8821-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125445","article-title":"Hydrocarbon emission control of an adsorptive catalytic gasoline particulate filter during cold-start period of the gasoline engine","volume":"262","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125090","article-title":"Tailoring reduced mechanisms for predicting flame propagation and ignition characteristics in ammonia and ammonia\/hydrogen mixtures","volume":"260","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123975","article-title":"Investigation on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel\/alcohol\/n-butanol blended fuels","volume":"320","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128805","article-title":"Effects of the different phase change materials on heat dissipation performances of the ternary polymer Li-ion battery pack in hot climate","volume":"282","author":"E","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125869","article-title":"Performance optimization of a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen\/biodiesel with water addition based on the response surface methodology","volume":"263","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.119954","article-title":"A comprehensive experimental investigation of low-temperature combustion with thick thermal barrier coatings","volume":"222","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.126785","article-title":"Utilization of renewable and sustainable diesel\/methanol\/n-butanol (DMB) blends for reducing the engine emissions in a diesel engine with different pre-injection strategies","volume":"269","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129074","article-title":"Effects of composite cooling strategy including phase change material and cooling air on the heat dissipation performance improvement of lithium ion power batteries pack in hot climate and its catastrophe evaluation","volume":"283","author":"E","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119495","article-title":"Autoignition characterization of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol over a wide range of operating conditions in LTC\/HCCI","volume":"287","author":"Gainey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.112003","article-title":"Enhancing and assessing ammonia-air combustion performance by blending with dimethyl ether","volume":"156","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11630-022-1549-1","article-title":"Temperature Dependence of Laminar Burning Velocity in Ammonia\/Dimethyl Ether-air Premixed Flames","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127048","article-title":"Improved emissions conversion of diesel oxidation catalyst using multifactor impact analysis and neural network","volume":"271","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126063","article-title":"Effects of porosity setting and multilayers of diesel particulate filter on the improvement of regeneration performance","volume":"263","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.05.164","article-title":"A comparative study of combustion and emission characteristics of butanol isomers on a diesel engine with dual fuel butanol isomers\/diesel compound combustion","volume":"254","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128794","article-title":"Intelligent estimation on state of health of lithium-ion power batteries based on failure feature extraction","volume":"282","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.125885","article-title":"Mechanism, performance and modification methods for NH3-SCR catalysts: A review","volume":"331","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127025","article-title":"Effect of structural parameters on diesel particulate filter trapping performance of heavy-duty diesel engines based on grey correlation analysis","volume":"271","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123733","article-title":"Performance, combustion and emission characteristics investigations on a diesel engine fueled with diesel\/ ethanol \/n-butanol blends","volume":"249","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.12.127","article-title":"Effects of different poses and wind speeds on wind-induced vibration characteristics of a dish solar concentrator system","volume":"168","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121854","article-title":"Effect analysis on SOC values of the power lithium manganate battery during discharging process and its intelligent estimation","volume":"238","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25579-4","article-title":"Diesel particulate filter regeneration mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing PM emissions: A review","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.04.036","article-title":"Ethanol production from pretreated wheat straw hydrolyzate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae via sequential statistical optimization","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127024","article-title":"Investigation on distribution characteristics of convective wind energy from vehicle driving on multi-lane highway","volume":"271","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.060","article-title":"Size distribution, chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with ethanol-gasoline fuel","volume":"89","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126062","article-title":"Investigation on harvesting characteristics of convective wind energy from vehicle driving on multi-lane highway","volume":"263","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124662","article-title":"Performance and emission evaluation of a marine diesel engine fueled with natural gas ignited by biodiesel-diesel blended fuel","volume":"256","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126660","article-title":"A comprehensive review on combustion stabilization technologies of micro\/meso-scale combustors for micro thermophotovoltaic systems: Thermal, emission, and energy conversion","volume":"335","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.067","article-title":"Performance and emissions of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends in a light duty compression ignition engine","volume":"145","author":"Shamun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.120039","article-title":"The effects of Fe2O3 based DOC and SCR catalyst on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel","volume":"290","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2020.106526","article-title":"Construction of a compact skeletal mechanism for acetone-n-butanol-ethanol (ABE)\/diesel blends combustion in engines using a decoupling methodology","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.01.063","article-title":"Potential of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as a biofuel","volume":"242","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.07.014","article-title":"Experimental study of gasoline-ethanol-hydrogen blends combustion in an SI engine","volume":"42","author":"Akansu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.01.074","article-title":"Experimental studies on simultaneous injection of ethanol-gasoline and n-butanol-gasoline in the intake port of a four stroke SI engine","volume":"91","author":"Thangavel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2021.100891","article-title":"Effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine performance and emissions","volume":"25","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04567-7","article-title":"Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine","volume":"45","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2012.07.030","article-title":"An examination of the effect of ethanol-gasoline blends\u2019 physicochemical properties on emissions from a light-duty spark ignition engine","volume":"107","author":"Bielaczyc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.051","article-title":"Thermal behavior and kinetics assessment of ethanol\/gasoline blends during combustion by thermogravimetric analysis","volume":"115","author":"Avila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.102366","article-title":"Numerical investigations on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged engine using an ethanol-gasoline blend","volume":"39","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.03.018","article-title":"Hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends\u2014Combustion and emission investigations on a Flex-Fuel engine","volume":"97","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122004","article-title":"Study on combustion and emissions of a hydrous ethanol\/gasoline dual fuel engine with combined injection","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119753","article-title":"Optimization and investigation the effects of using biodiesel-ethanol blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine by genetic algorithm","volume":"289","author":"Shirneshan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.07.004","article-title":"Optimization of performance and exhaust emission parameters of a SI (spark ignition) engine with gasoline-ethanol blended fuels using response surface methodology","volume":"90","author":"Najafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2008.10.004","article-title":"Energy efficiency assessment by life cycle simulation of cassava-based fuel ethanol for automotive use in Chinese Guangxi context","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2021.8.4.2","article-title":"A review on the effects of ethanol\/gasoline fuel blends on NOx emissions in spark-ignition engines","volume":"32","author":"Iodice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119866","article-title":"On reducing the emissions of CO, HC, and NOx from gasoline blended with hydrogen peroxide and ethanol: Optimization study aided with ANN-PSO","volume":"310","author":"Barboza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2023.10.3.2","article-title":"Towards nationwide implementation of 40% biodiesel blend fuel in Indonesia: A comprehensive road test and laboratory evaluation","volume":"39","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2007.10.028","article-title":"Experimental determination of suitable ethanol\u2013gasoline blend rate at high compression ratio for gasoline engine","volume":"28","author":"Celik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.01.018","article-title":"The effects of ethanol\u2013unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine","volume":"34","author":"Sekmen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.06.017","article-title":"Hydrous ethanol vs. gasoline\u2013ethanol blend: Engine performance and emissions","volume":"89","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.01.034","article-title":"Combustion and emissions behavior for ethanol\u2013gasoline blends in a single cylinder engine","volume":"90","author":"Schifter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.07.041","article-title":"Emissions of gaseous pollutant from motorcycle powered by ethanol\u2013gasoline blend","volume":"102","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-014-0305-4","article-title":"Control of cold start hydrocarbon emissions of motor bike engine by gasoline\u2013ethanol blends and intake air heating","volume":"28","author":"Raja","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2014.892877","article-title":"The Investigation of Thermodynamics and Combustion Properties of Alcohol\u2013Gasoline Blends in an SI Engine","volume":"12","author":"Ozsezen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.144","article-title":"Effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on CO and HC emissions in last generation SI engines within the cold-start transient: An experimental investigation","volume":"179","author":"Iodice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.08.063","article-title":"The impact of various ethanol-gasoline blends on particulates and unregulated gaseous emissions characteristics from a spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) passenger vehicle","volume":"209","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.090","article-title":"Ethanol in gasoline fuel blends: Effect on fuel consumption and engine out emissions of SI engines in cold operating conditions","volume":"130","author":"Iodice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.F., Wang, X.C., Zhang, D.P., Dong, F., Liu, X.L., Yang, Y., Huang, H.Z., Wang, Y., Wang, Q.L., and Zheng, Z.Q. (2019). Investigation on Blending Effects of Gasoline Fuel with N-Butanol, DMF, and Ethanol on the Fuel Consumption and Harmful Emissions in a GDI Vehicle. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12101845"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687814020943356","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814020943356","article-title":"Effect of different levels of ethanol addition on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine","volume":"12","author":"Koten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iodice, P., and Cardone, M. (2021). Ethanol\/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14134034"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.120917","article-title":"Experimental comparative study on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a two stroke uniflow gasoline engine","volume":"317","author":"Kaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16878132231157178","DOI":"10.1177\/16878132231157178","article-title":"Modeling of combustion and emissions behavior on the effect of ethanol-gasoline blends in a four stroke SI engine","volume":"15","author":"Elshenawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2014.11.018","article-title":"Optimized chemical mechanism for combustion of gasoline surrogate fuels","volume":"162","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76890","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20519-0","article-title":"Effects analysis on hydrocarbon light-off performance of a catalytic gasoline particulate filter during cold start","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.123088","article-title":"Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel\/methanol\/n-butanol blends","volume":"314","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-019-01725-w","article-title":"Influence of ethanol-gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle","volume":"21","author":"Badrawada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., El-Faroug, M.O., Yan, F., and Wang, Y. (2017). Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emission of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline Blends Fuel in a Port Injection Gasoline Engine. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10091263"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.035","article-title":"Comparative studies on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a two-wheeler with gasoline and 30% ethanol-gasoline blend using chassis dynamometer","volume":"146","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2019.1613765","article-title":"Effects of ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether and gasoline-hydrogen blend on performance parameters and HC emission at Wankel engine","volume":"11","author":"Yontar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofuels"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/19\/3932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:35Z","timestamp":1760130095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/19\/3932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15193932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15193932","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]}}}