{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:37:32Z","timestamp":1780105052095,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONACYT FOSISS SALUD-2015-01-262404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT FOSISS SALUD-2015-01-262404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONACYT FOSISS SALUD-2014-234073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT FOSISS SALUD-2014-234073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cross-linked polymer blends from natural compounds, namely gelatin (Gel), chitosan (CS), and synthetic poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), have received increasing scrutiny because of their versatility, biocompatibility, and ease of use for tissue engineering. Previously, Gel\/CS\/PVA [1:1:1] hydrogel produced via the freeze-drying process presented enhanced mechanical properties. This study aimed to investigate the biocompatibility and chondrogenic potential of a steam-sterilized Gel\/CS\/PVA hydrogel using differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-hMSC) and cartilage marker expression. AD-hMSC displayed fibroblast-like morphology, 90% viability, and 69% proliferative potential. Mesenchymal profiles CD73 (98.3%), CD90 (98.6%), CD105 (97.0%), CD34 (1.11%), CD45 (0.27%), HLA-DR (0.24%); as well as multilineage potential, were confirmed. Chondrogenic differentiation of AD-hMSC in monolayer revealed the formation of cartilaginous nodules composed of glycosaminoglycans after 21 days. Compared to nonstimulated cells, hMSC-derived chondrocytes shifted the expression of CD49a from 2.82% to 40.6%, CD49e from 51.4% to 92.2%, CD54 from 9.66 to 37.2%, and CD151 from 45.1% to 75.8%. When cultured onto Gel\/CS\/PVA hydrogel during chondrogenic stimulation, AD-hMSC changed to polygonal morphology, and chondrogenic nodules increased by day 15, six days earlier than monolayer-differentiated cells. SEM analysis showed that hMSC-derived chondrocytes adhered to the surface with extended filopodia and abundant ECM formation. Chondrogenic nodules were positive for aggrecan and type II collagen, two of the most abundant components in cartilage. This study supports the biocompatibility of AD-hMSC onto steam-sterilized GE\/CS\/PVA hydrogels and its improved potential for chondrocyte differentiation. Hydrogel properties were not altered after steam sterilization, which is relevant for biosafety and biomedical purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"3938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chondrogenic Potential of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Steam Sterilized Gelatin\/Chitosan\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mario Alberto","family":"P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick Jes\u00fas","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maykel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmina","family":"Ortega-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1638-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Ingenier\u00eda de Tejidos, Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n LGII, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josselin","family":"Delgado-Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Machado-Bistra\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valent\u00edn","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Ingenier\u00eda de Tejidos, Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n LGII, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5145-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1651-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9rik Agust\u00edn","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cirug\u00eda Pl\u00e1stica y Reconstructiva, Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Atenci\u00f3n de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n LGII, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Armando","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaira Yunuen","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. 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