{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:10:14Z","timestamp":1789175414957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51503134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51503134"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51721091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51721091"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["679 No. SKLPME 2017-3-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["679 No. SKLPME 2017-3-02"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering","award":["51503134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51503134"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering","award":["51721091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51721091"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering","award":["679 No. SKLPME 2017-3-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["679 No. SKLPME 2017-3-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this investigation, we systematically explored the intricate relationship between the structural attributes of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes and their multifaceted properties relevant to fuel cell applications, encompassing diverse crosslinking conditions. Employing the solution casting technique, we fabricated crosslinked PVA membranes by utilizing phosphoric acid (PA) as the crosslinking agent, modulating the crosslinking temperature across a range of values. This comprehensive approach aimed to optimize the selection of crosslinking parameters for the advancement of crosslinked polymer materials tailored for fuel cell contexts. A series of meticulously tailored crosslinked PVA membranes were synthesized, each varying in PBTCA content (5\u201330 wt.%) to establish a systematic framework for elucidating chemical interactions, morphological transformations, and physicochemical attributes pertinent to fuel cell utilization. The manipulation of crosslinking agent concentration and crosslinking temperature engendered a discernible impact on the crosslinking degree, leading to a concomitant reduction in crystallinity. Time-resolved attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was harnessed to evaluate the dynamics of liquid water adsorption and ionomer swelling kinetics within the array of fabricated PVA films. Notably, the diffusion of water within the PVA membranes adhered faithfully to Fick\u2019s law, with discernible sensitivity to the crosslinking conditions being implemented. Within the evaluated membranes, proton conductivities exhibited a span of between 10\u22123 and 10\u22122 S\/cm, while methanol permeabilities ranged from 10\u22128 to 10\u22127 cm2\/s. A remarkable revelation surfaced during the course of this study, as it became evident that the structural attributes and properties of the PVA films, under the influence of distinct crosslinking conditions, underwent coherent modifications. These changes were intrinsically linked to alterations in crosslinking degree and crystallinity, reinforcing the interdependence of these parameters in shaping the characteristics of PVA films intended for diverse fuel cell applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15214198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:29:01Z","timestamp":1698128941000},"page":"4198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of Crosslinking Conditions on the Transport of Protons and Methanol in Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes Containing the Phosphoric Acid Group"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Functional Composites Laboratory, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Advanced Functional Composites Laboratory, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.012","article-title":"An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications","volume":"32","author":"Sharaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. 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