{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:35:51Z","timestamp":1780410951877,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INSTITUTO VALENCIANO DE COMPETITIVIDAD EMPRESARIAL (IVACE)"},{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, approved by the Generalitat Valenciana Budget Act 2023"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turmeric has been widely studied as a color indicator for pH variations due to its halochromic properties. It has been tested in solution or included in some polymeric matrices. Some studies have demonstrated that its change in color is due to the tautomeric species of curcumin, and this property can be observed even if turmeric is assimilated in a film or nanofiber. Chitosan\/polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymers have been tested in previous studies. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers are used as potential carriers of drugs once they are insolubilized. The aim of this work is to cross-link PVA with citric acid (CA) to insolubilize the nanofibers and determine the effect on turmeric\u2019s halochromic properties. The nanofibers were treated with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and a chromatic study was undertaken to determine color change. The change in color was assessed by eye (subjective) and by spectroscopy (objective). The nanofibers were characterized, in addition to the colorimetric study, by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well. The results demonstrate how thermal treatment induces cross-linking between the nanofibers, allowing them to keep their shape once the NaOH solution is applied to them. The opposite effect (solubilization) can be observed for non-cross-linked (NCL) samples. Although the final color varied, the cross-linked (CL) nanofibers\u2019 halochromic behavior was maintained. It was demonstrated that during cross-linking, ester groups are formed from the free carboxyl group in the cross-linked CA and the ketones present in the curcumin under acid conditions. So, CA acts as an acid catalyst to bond turmeric to the cross-linked PVA nanofibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15234480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"4480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["PVA Nanofibers as an Insoluble pH Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8039-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"M\u00ednguez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Textil y Papelera, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Plaza Ferr\u00e1ndiz y Carbonell n\u00ba1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Montava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Textil y Papelera, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Plaza Ferr\u00e1ndiz y Carbonell n\u00ba1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8743-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maril\u00e9s","family":"Bonet-Aracil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Textil y Papelera, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Plaza Ferr\u00e1ndiz y Carbonell n\u00ba1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0950-8965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Gisbert-Pay\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Textil y Papelera, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Plaza Ferr\u00e1ndiz y Carbonell n\u00ba1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7093-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Textil y Papelera, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Plaza Ferr\u00e1ndiz y Carbonell n\u00ba1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5897\/JETR2013.0309","article-title":"Application of nanotechnology in textile engineering: An overview","volume":"5","author":"Patra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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