{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:27:03Z","timestamp":1790980023704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UTAR\/02\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UTAR\/02\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C1\/T06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C1\/T06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UTAR\/02\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UTAR\/02\/20"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C1\/T06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2021-C1\/T06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with superior characteristics are needed to advance fuel cell technology. Nafion, the most used PEM in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), has excellent proton conductivity but suffers from high methanol permeability and long-term performance degradation. Thus, this study aimed to create a healable PEM with improved durability and methanol barrier properties by combining sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA). The effect of changing the N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent concentration during membrane casting was investigated. Lower DMAc concentrations improved water absorption and, thus, membrane proton conductivity, but methanol permeability increased correspondingly. For the best trade-off between these two characteristics, the blend membrane with a 10 wt% DMAc solvent (SP10) exhibited the highest selectivity. SP10 also showed a remarkable self-healing capacity by regaining 88% of its pre-damage methanol-blocking efficiency. The ability to self-heal decreased with the increasing solvent concentration because of the increased crosslinking density and structure compactness, which reduced chain mobility. Optimizing the solvent concentration during membrane preparation is therefore an important factor in improving membrane performance in DMFCs. With its exceptional methanol barrier and self-healing characteristics, the pioneering SPEEK\/PVA blend membrane may contribute to efficient and durable fuel cell systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15244641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T03:03:33Z","timestamp":1702004613000},"page":"4641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Self-Healing Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Effect of Solvent Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mae Hwa","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui San","family":"Thiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced and Sustainable Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5089-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiau Foon","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Seng","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lip Huat","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon Onn","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.08.022","article-title":"Preliminary study of SPEEK\/PVA blend membranes for DMFC applications","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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