{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:55:12Z","timestamp":1781250912214,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional)","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for innovative and sustainable solutions to improve the energy efficiency of the construction industry has been a hot topic for researchers due to the tremendous impact of insulator materials in the thermal comfort of buildings. In the present work, an innovative lightweight composite material with thermal insulation properties was developed, for the first time, by using cardoon particles and polyurethane. The formulation of the composite material was optimized in terms of cardoon fraction and the polyol\/isocyanate ratio, to achieve the best compromise between internal bond (IB) strength and thickness swelling (TS). The best performing composite was PU75-CP45, with 45 wt% of cardoon particles and 75% of isocyanate, achieving an IB of 0.41 MPa and a TS of 5.3%. Regarding insulation properties, the PU75-CP45 composite material exhibits a promising performance when compared to conventional construction industry materials by tuning its thickness. Additionally, the composite material presented very low emissions of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde (bellow to legislation levels) and high resistance to biological degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16010137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1703998311000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of an Innovative Lightweight Composite Material with Thermal Insulation Properties Based on Cardoon and Polyurethane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Raquel A.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP Colab\u2014Rede de Compet\u00eancias em Pol\u00edmeros, Rua J\u00falio de Matos, 828\/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP Colab\u2014Rede de Compet\u00eancias em Pol\u00edmeros, Rua J\u00falio de Matos, 828\/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP Colab\u2014Rede de Compet\u00eancias em Pol\u00edmeros, Rua J\u00falio de Matos, 828\/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP Colab\u2014Rede de Compet\u00eancias em Pol\u00edmeros, Rua J\u00falio de Matos, 828\/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Bento Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICon\u2014Center for Innovation in Construction, Zona Industrial de Sabroso de Aguiar-Lote 2B, 5450-371 Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Portugal"},{"name":"CEPAT\u2014Center for Heritage Studies, Avenida do Conde 5643, 4465-097 S\u00e3o Mamede de Infesta, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2343-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Oliveira","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEPAT\u2014Center for Heritage Studies, Avenida do Conde 5643, 4465-097 S\u00e3o Mamede de Infesta, Portugal"},{"name":"Secundino Queir\u00f3s Construction, Avenida Lopes de Oliveira 29, 5450-140 Pedras Salgadas, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6849-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Structures Department, Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"DEMad\u2014Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa H.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"DEMad\u2014Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/knowledge2010008","article-title":"Environmental 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