{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:35Z","timestamp":1760143115817,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the successful synthesis and characterization of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) based on polylactide. The NIPUs were synthesized by a condensation reaction of oligomers with hard segments (HSs) and synthesized carbamate-modified polylactic acid containing flexible segments (FSs). The oligomers with HSs were prepared from phenolsulfonic acid (PSA) or a mixture of PSA and hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic acid (HNSA), urea and formaldehyde. The mixing of oligomeric compounds with different amounts of formaldehyde was carried out at room temperature. Obtained NIPU samples with different hard segment content were tested for their mechanical and thermal properties. The tensile strength (TS) of all NIPU samples increased with an increasing amount of HSs, attaining the maximum value at an HS:FS ratio of 1:3. Samples prepared from PSA and HNSA showed higher tensile strength (TS) without significant change in elongation at break compared to the samples based only on PSA. Thermogravimetric analysis data indicated an absence of weight loss for all samples below 100 \u00b0C, which can be considered a safe temperature for using NIPU materials. Maximum degradation temperatures reached up to 385 \u00b0C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed the existence of expected specific groups as well as the chemical structure of the prepared polyurethanes. DSC analysis showed the existence of two characteristic phase transitions attributed to the melting and crystallization of hard segments in the NIPU samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16020253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1705381019000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polylactide-Based Nonisocyanate Polyurethanes: Preparation, Properties Evaluation and Structure Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Bia\u0142kowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Casimir Pulaski Radom University, 29 Malczewskiego Str., 26-610 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kucharczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casimir Pulaski Radom University, 29 Malczewskiego Str., 26-610 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Zarzyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz University of Technology in Rzeszow, 12 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy Str., 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Hanulikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tomas Bata University, Tr. Tom\u00e1\u0161e Bati 5678, 760 01 Zl\u00edn, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Masa\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tomas Bata University, Tr. Tom\u00e1\u0161e Bati 5678, 760 01 Zl\u00edn, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 62-006 Gruszczyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6517","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101995j","article-title":"Progress in study of non-isocyanate polyurethane","volume":"50","author":"Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. 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