{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:50:37Z","timestamp":1790743837340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herein, a methodology is employed based on the Flory\u2013Rehner equation for estimating the Flory\u2013Huggins interaction parameter (\u03c712*) of crosslinked elastomer blends. For this purpose, binary elastomer blends containing polybutadiene rubber (BR), styrene\u2013butadiene rubber (SBR) and nitrile\u2013butadiene rubber (NBR), were prepared in a mixing chamber at a temperature below the activation of the crosslinking agent. Swelling tests with benzene were employed to determine the crosslinked fraction, finding that after 20 min of thermal annealing, the BR and NBR were almost completely crosslinked, while the SBR only reached 60%. Additionally, the BR-SBR blend increased by 2\u20133 times its volume than its pure components; this could be explained based on the crosslink density. From the mechanical tests, a negative deviation from the rule of mixtures was observed, which suggested that the crosslinking was preferably carried out in the phases and not at the interface. Furthermore, tensile tests and swelling fraction (\u03d5sw) results were employed to determine the average molecular weight between two crosslinking points (Mc), and subsequently \u03c712*. Calculated \u03c712* values were slightly higher than those reported in the literature. The calculated thermodynamic parameters for the blends showed positive \u0394Gmix values and endothermic behavior, suggesting their immiscible nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16030351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:54:03Z","timestamp":1706518443000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Thermodynamic Parameters of Crosslinked Elastomers (BR, SBR and NBR) and Their Blends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0396-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Leyva-Porras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n A.","family":"Estrada-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1714-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia I.","family":"Pi\u00f1\u00f3n-Balderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio G.","family":"Flores-Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Lucero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pearce, T.C., Schiffman, S.S., Nagle, H.T., and Gardner, J.W. (2006). Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2010.05.003","article-title":"Effect of elastomer matrix type on electromechanical response of conductive polypyrrole\/elastomer blends","volume":"71","author":"Ludeelerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelescu, M.D., Airinei, A., Bargan, A., Fifere, N., Georgescu, M., Sonmez, M., Nituica, M., Alexandrescu, L., and Stefan, A. (2022). Mechanical Properties and Equilibrium Swelling Characteristics of Some Polymer Composites Based on Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196838"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(02)00313-0","article-title":"Amphiphilic segmented polymer networks based on poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(methyl methacrylate)","volume":"43","author":"Christova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/app.10675","article-title":"Swelling kinetics of a hydrogel of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(acrylamide-co-styrene)","volume":"85","author":"Bajpai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chungprempree, J., Charoenpongpool, S., Preechawong, J., Atthi, N., and Nithitanakul, M. (2021). Simple preparation of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane blend film for marine antibiofouling application. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13142242"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Datta, S. (2005). Science and Technology of Rubber, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smejda-Krzewicka, A., Mrozowski, K., and Strzelec, K. (2023). Interelastomer Reactions Occurring during the Cross-Linking of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (HNBR) and Chloroprene (CR) Rubbers Blends in the Presence of Silver (I) Oxide (Ag2O) and Mechanical Properties of Cured Products. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134573"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Qiu, J., Han, L., Luan, J., Ma, X., and Chen, W. (2023). Effect of SEBS Molecular Structure and Formula Composition on the Performance of SEBS\/PP TPE for Automotive Interior Skin. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122753"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Wang, X., Yang, J., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Effect of Acetylated SEBS\/PP for Potential HVAC Cable Insulation. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14081811"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Brydson, J.A. (1981). Developments in Rubber Technology\u20142: Synthetic Rubbers, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2007.01.009","article-title":"Butadiene production process overview","volume":"166","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0307174X1604300110","article-title":"Industrial synthetic method of the rubbers. 1. Butadiene rubber","volume":"43","author":"Sone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547208","article-title":"Blends of cis-1, 4-polybutadiene with natural or styrene butadiene rubber","volume":"41","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070560406","article-title":"Rheological behavior of blends of natural rubber and styrene\u2013butadiene rubber latices","volume":"56","author":"Varkey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9418(99)00058-6","article-title":"Styrene butadiene rubber\/epoxidized natural rubber blends: Dynamic properties, curing characteristics and swelling studies","volume":"19","author":"Ismail","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1002\/app.20669","article-title":"Mechanical and aging properties of cross-linked ethylene propylene diene rubber\/styrene butadiene rubber blends","volume":"93","author":"Nair","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2006.05.142","article-title":"Ultrasonic studies on polystyrene\/styrene butadiene rubber polymer blends filled with glass fiber and talc","volume":"44","author":"Higazy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21828","article-title":"A SAXS and swelling study of cured natural rubber\/styrene\u2013butadiene rubber blends","volume":"47","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998314533363","article-title":"New and emerging applications of carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber latex in polymer composites and blends: Review from structure to future prospective","volume":"49","author":"Alimardani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.04.060","article-title":"Mechanical properties and thermal aging behaviour of polyisoprene\/polybutadiene\/styrene-butadiene rubber ternary blend reinforced with carbon black","volume":"98","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-005-9038-2","article-title":"The behaviour of styrene butadiene rubber\/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blends in the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons","volume":"13","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.1021\/ma010190d","article-title":"Observation of fine structure in bicontinuous phase-separated domains of a polymer blend by laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"34","author":"Jinnai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E56","DOI":"10.1002\/app.36402","article-title":"Properties of styrene butadiene rubber\/recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (SBR\/NBRr) blends: Effect of the addition of trans-polyoctylene rubber","volume":"126","author":"Noriman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.21126","article-title":"Effect of the filler characteristics on the miscibility of styrene-butadiene rubber and nitrile-butadiene rubber blends","volume":"48","author":"Perez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.10.038","article-title":"Effect of expanded graphite and modified graphite flakes on the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber\/polybutadiene rubber (SBR\/BR) blends","volume":"55","author":"Malas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.12.003","article-title":"Enhanced compatibility and mechanical properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber\/styrene butadiene rubber by using graphene oxide as reinforcing filler","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonrasri, S., Thipchai, P., Sae-Oui, P., Thanakkasaranee, S., Jantanasakulwong, K., and Rachtanapun, P. (2023). Property Improvements of Silica-Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber\/Butadiene Rubber Blend Incorporated with Fatty-Acid-Containing Palm Oil. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15163429"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3139\/217.1640","article-title":"Compatibilization of SBR\/NBR Blends Using Chemically Modified Styrene Butadiene Rubber: Part I: Effect of Chlorine Content of Compatibilizer","volume":"16","author":"Ramesan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2003.10.061","article-title":"New distributed optical sensor for detection and localization of liquid hydrocarbons: Part II: Optimization of the elastomer performance","volume":"111","author":"Mendoza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smejda-Krzewicka, A., Rybi\u0144ski, P., Brad\u0142o, D., and \u017bukowski, W. (2023). The Morphology, Mechanical and Dynamic Properties, Fire Hazard and Toxicity of Chloroprene and Butadiene Rubber Composites Cross-Linked with Zinc. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031240"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538316","article-title":"Characterization of immiscible elastomer blends","volume":"66","author":"Hess","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547677","article-title":"Elastomer blends","volume":"75","author":"Mangaraj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Flory, P.J. (1953). Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Munk, P., and Aminabhavi, T.M. (1989). Introduction to Macromolecular Science, Wiley Interscience."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperling, L.H. (2005). Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471757128"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(99)00098-8","article-title":"Effect of nature and extent of crosslinking on swelling and mechanical behavior of styrene\u2013butadiene rubber membranes","volume":"163","author":"George","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8676","DOI":"10.1021\/ma001419c","article-title":"Mechanical properties and swelling behavior of end-linked poly(diethylsiloxane) networks","volume":"33","author":"Hedden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (Standard No. ASTM Standard D638)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0126(200002)49:2<216::AID-PI331>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Some considerations concerning the dynamic mechanical properties of cured styrene\u2013butadiene rubber\/polybutadiene blends","volume":"49","author":"Marzocca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9006","DOI":"10.1021\/ma011077q","article-title":"Tear strength of styrene\u2212butadiene\u2212styrene block copolymers","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/app.10827","article-title":"Influences of trans-polyoctylene rubber on the physical properties and phase morphology of natural rubber\/acrylonitrile\u2013butadiene rubber blends","volume":"86","author":"Nah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3539198","article-title":"Curative diffusion between dissimilar elastomers and its influence on adhesion","volume":"41","author":"Gardiner","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.01.018","article-title":"Effect of nanosilica on the co-continuous morphology of polypropylene\/polyolefin elastomer blends","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1021\/bm020127b","article-title":"Crab shell chitin whisker reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. 1. Processing and swelling behavior","volume":"4","author":"Dufresne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2009.07.059","article-title":"Mechanical and swelling properties of thermoplastic elastomer blends","volume":"31","author":"Elamer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Burrell, H., and Immergut, B. (1975). Polymer Handbook, Wiley Interscience."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1723792","article-title":"Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks II. Swelling","volume":"11","author":"Flory","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03836-1","article-title":"Revisiting the Flory\u2013Rehner equation: Taking a closer look at the Flory\u2013Huggins interaction parameter and its functionality with temperature and concentration with NIPA as a case example","volume":"79","author":"Paulin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9763","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0120916","article-title":"Nonuniversal behavior of the thermodynamic interaction parameter in blends of star and linear polybutadiene","volume":"35","author":"Martter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1021\/ma010379p","article-title":"Phase Behavior and Flory\u2212Huggins Interaction Parameter of Binary Polybutadiene Copolymer Mixtures with Different Vinyl Content and Molar Volume","volume":"35","author":"Schwahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1021\/ma992118+","article-title":"Determination of the Flory\u2212 Huggins interaction parameter of styrene and 4-vinylpyridine using copolymer blends of poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) and polystyrene","volume":"33","author":"Meyboom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1021\/ma000315z","article-title":"Solution cross-linked poly(isobutylene) gels: Synthesis and swelling behavior","volume":"33","author":"Okay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1021\/ef010299m","article-title":"Solvent swelling of petroleum asphaltenes","volume":"16","author":"Carbognani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1970.070140903","article-title":"Pressure-induced diffusion of organic liquids through highly swollen polymer membranes","volume":"14","author":"Paul","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(01)00700-1","article-title":"Transport of substituted benzenes through nitrile rubber\/natural rubber blend membranes","volume":"202","author":"Mathai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/3\/351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:50:41Z","timestamp":1760104241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/3\/351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16030351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16030351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]}}}