{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:10:12Z","timestamp":1763644212244,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32273077","2019A02023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273077","2019A02023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhanjiang science and Technology project","award":["32273077","2019A02023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273077","2019A02023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to vomitoxin (DON) can negatively impact the intestinal health of livestock and poultry, leading to compromised nutrient absorption and utilization, resulting in slowed growth and reduced production efficiency. In this study, we synthesized carbonated chitosan montmorillonite intercalation complexes (CCM) through solution precipitation. The successful formation of intercalation complexes was confirmed by examining functional groups and surface features using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To assess the impact of CCM on DON-infected mice, we established an experimental mouse model of jejunal inflammation induced by DON infection. We analyzed the effects of CCM on blood biochemical and conventional indices, jejunal inflammatory factors, pathological changes, and the expression of proteins in the MAPK pathways in DON-infected mice. Our results indicate that CCM effectively mitigates the adverse effects of DON on growth performance, jejunal injury, and the inflammatory response in mice. CCM supplementation alleviated the negative effects of DON infection on growth performance and reduced intestinal inflammation in mice. Moreover, CCM supplementation successfully inhibited the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway induced by DON. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of CCM on DON-induced inflammatory injury in the murine jejunum is closely linked to the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16050715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:26:59Z","timestamp":1709638019000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Effects of Carbonated Chitosan Montmorillonite on Vomitoxin-Induced Intestinal Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruifan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8822-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghong","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4533-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingbin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.11.003","article-title":"Food Raw Materials and Food Production Occurrences of Deoxynivalenol in Different Regions","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5040784","article-title":"From the Gut to the Brain: Journey and Pathophysiological Effects of the Food-Associated Trichothecene Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol","volume":"5","author":"Maresca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2228-6","article-title":"Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol at human dietary levels impairs intestinal homeostasis and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"92","author":"Vignal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girardet, C., Bonnet, M.S., Jdir, R., Sadoud, M., Thirion, S., Tardivel, C., Roux, J., Lebrun, B., Wanaverbecq, N., and Mounien, L. (2017). The food-contaminant deoxynivalenol modifies eating by targeting anorexigenic neurocircuitry. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026134"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030802056626","article-title":"Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis","volume":"25","author":"Pestka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(84)90144-1","article-title":"Toxicological features of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes","volume":"4","author":"Ueno","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-016-0258-8","article-title":"Application of montmorillonite in bentonite as a pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery systems","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.21364","article-title":"Thermodynamic characterization of hybrid polymer blend systems","volume":"49","author":"Ophir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.07.008","article-title":"A review on polymer\u2013layered silicate nanocomposites","volume":"33","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-015-2751-9","article-title":"Organo-montmorillonites as carbon paste electrode modifiers","volume":"19","author":"Mucha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7513","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra40335a","article-title":"Amine intercalated clay surfaces for microbial cell immobilization and biosensing applications","volume":"3","author":"Demir","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.05.029","article-title":"Immobilization of enzymes on clay minerals for biocatalysts and biosensors","volume":"114","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.04.017","article-title":"Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites","volume":"49","author":"Paul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranaz, I., Alc\u00e1ntara, A.R., Civera, M.C., Arias, C., Elorza, B., Caballero, A.H., and Acosta, N. (2021). Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193256"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kean, T., and Thanou, M. (2011). Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200083n","article-title":"Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels As Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Dubruel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.03.003","article-title":"Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides","volume":"25","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4628(20010214)79:7<1324::AID-APP210>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Antibacterial action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan","volume":"79","author":"Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2012.02.013","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste","volume":"29","author":"Benhabiles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01058","article-title":"Antimicrobial Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives: A Review of the Structure\u2013Activity Relationship","volume":"18","author":"Sahariah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009","article-title":"Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"49","author":"Croisier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, J., Zhou, Y., Lv, G., and Zhou, R. (2022). Simultaneous Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol by Modified Montmorillonites. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010315"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.014","article-title":"Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security","volume":"173","author":"Bryden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2298\/BAH1103241B","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of mycotoxins adsorption by natural mineral adsorbents","volume":"27","author":"Salma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"64","article-title":"Study on the adsorption properties of different silicate mineral materials on mycotoxins","volume":"47","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wu, Y. (2009). A Primary Research on Adsorption of Mycotoxins by Modified Clays. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"176","article-title":"Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat to piglets","volume":"19","author":"Razzazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Effects of Diets Contaminated by Deoxynivalenol on Blood Physiological and Biochemical ndexes and lntervention Effects of Bamboo-Carbon and Bamboo Vinegar in Weaner Piglets","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"10","article-title":"Protective Effects of Bioactive Peptides from Mytlus coruscus on Alcohol-induced Liver Injury and Their Regulation of Gut Microbiota in Mice","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Zhanjiang Ocean Univ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"99","article-title":"lmproving Effect of Pinctada martensii Meat Extract on Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Zhanjiang Ocean Univ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Zhu, P., Cui, F., Pi, F., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., and Sun, X. (2017). The Antagonistic Effect of Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Metabolic Profiling in Serum and Liver of Mice. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010028"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.024","article-title":"Haematotoxicity of trichothecenes","volume":"153","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A.C.S.M., De Pierri, C.R., Evangelista, A.G., Gomes, A.S.D.L.P.B., and Luciano, F.B. (2022). Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology, Degradation by Bacteria, and Phylogenetic Analysis. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020090"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114033","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis via the IRE1\/JNK\/CHOP pathway in porcine alveolar macrophage 3D4\/21 cells","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1902-9","article-title":"Co-exposure to low doses of the food contaminants deoxynivalenol and nivalenol has a synergistic inflammatory effect on intestinal explants","volume":"91","author":"Puel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114901","article-title":"Combination of glycyrrhizic acid and compound probiotics alleviates deoxynivalenol-induced damage to weaned piglets","volume":"256","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0579-8","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action, human exposure, and toxicological relevance","volume":"84","author":"Pestka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2019-0013","article-title":"The Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Gut Microbiota, Morphology and Immune System of Chicken\u2014A Review","volume":"19","author":"Aguzey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03042-y","article-title":"Exploring the dermotoxicity of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: Combined morphologic and proteomic profiling of human epidermal cells reveals alteration of lipid biosynthesis machinery and membrane structural integrity relevant for skin barrier function","volume":"95","author":"Janker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061300","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol-Induced Proinflammatory Gene Expression: Mechanisms and Pathological Sequelae","volume":"2","author":"Pestka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104837","article-title":"The role and regulatory mechanism of autophagy in hippocampal nerve cells of piglet damaged by deoxynivalenol","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03044-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced endocytosis and degradation of tight junction proteins in jejunal IPEC-J2 cells involve selective activation of the MAPK pathways","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112616","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action and its effects on various terrestrial and aquatic species","volume":"157","author":"Hooft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00080","article-title":"MAPK cascades in guard cell signal transduction","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1472-2","article-title":"Compromised MAPK signaling in human diseases: An update","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/5\/715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:42Z","timestamp":1760105382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/5\/715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16050715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16050715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}