{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:43Z","timestamp":1787029423738,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Republic of Korea)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, thiol-functionalized ladder-like polysesquioxanes end-capped with methyl and phenyl groups were synthesized via a simple sol-gel method and characterized through gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, epoxy blends of different formulations were prepared. Their structural, flame-retardant, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, and a VOC analyzer. Compared to epoxy blends with flame retardants containing elemental phosphorus alone, those with flame retardants containing elemental phosphorus combined with silicon and sulfur exhibited superior thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties with low VOC emissions. SEM of the residual char revealed a dense and continuous morphology without holes or cracks. In particular, LOI values for the combustion of methyl and phenyl end-capped polysilsesquioxane mixtures were 32.3 and 33.7, respectively, compared to 28.4% of the LOI value for the blends containing only phosphorus compounds. The silicon\u2013sulfur\u2013phosphorus-containing blends displayed reduced flammability concerning the blends using a flame retardant containing only phosphorus. This reflects the cooperative effects of various flame-retardant moieties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16060842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T05:23:31Z","timestamp":1710825811000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of Thiol-Functionalized Polysilsesquioxane\/Phosphorus Flame-Retardant Blends on the Flammability and Thermal, Mechanical, and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Properties of Epoxy Resins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Young-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Circulation R&D Department, Research Institute of Sustainable Development Technology, Korea Institute of Industrials Technology (KITECH), Yangdaegiro-gil 89, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Ju","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Circulation R&D Department, Research Institute of Sustainable Development Technology, Korea Institute of Industrials Technology (KITECH), Yangdaegiro-gil 89, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Cheol","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Circulation R&D Department, Research Institute of Sustainable Development Technology, Korea Institute of Industrials Technology (KITECH), Yangdaegiro-gil 89, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Sun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and System, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Seok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won-Gun","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyojic","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Circulation R&D Department, Research Institute of Sustainable Development Technology, Korea Institute of Industrials Technology (KITECH), Yangdaegiro-gil 89, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00120","article-title":"Network Formation and Physical Properties of Epoxy Resins for Future Practical Applications","volume":"2","author":"Shundo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2020.102596","article-title":"A review on epoxy-based electrically conductive adhesives","volume":"99","author":"Aradhana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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