{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:24:33Z","timestamp":1787858673513,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basque Country Government","award":["KK-2021\/00066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK-2021\/00066"]}]},{"name":"Basque Country Government","award":["A\/20220545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A\/20220545"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Uni\u00f3n Europea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK-2021\/00066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK-2021\/00066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Uni\u00f3n Europea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A\/20220545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A\/20220545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymeric materials, renowned for their lightweight attributes and design adaptability, play a pivotal role in augmenting fuel efficiency and cost-effectiveness in railway vehicle development. The tailored formulation of compounds, specifically designed for additive manufacturing, holds significant promise in expanding the use of these materials. This study centers on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a natural-based biodegradable polymeric material incorporating diverse halogen-free flame retardants (FRs). Our investigation scrutinizes the printability and fire performance of these formulations, aligning with the European railway standard EN 45545-2. The findings underscore that FR in the condensed phase, including ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), and intumescent systems, exhibit superior fire performance. Notably, FR-inducing hydrolytic degradation, such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH) or EG, reduces polymer molecular weight, significantly impacting PLA\u2019s mechanical performance. Achieving a delicate balance between fire resistance and mechanical properties, formulations with APP as the flame retardant emerge as optimal. This research contributes to understanding the fire performance and printability of 3D-printed PLA compounds, offering vital insights for the rail industry\u2019s adoption of polymeric materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16081030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T03:07:48Z","timestamp":1712718468000},"page":"1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Formulations for Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9736-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Aguirresarobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV\/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1033-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itxaso","family":"Calafel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV\/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6152-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de San Sebasti\u00e1n, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de San Sebasti\u00e1n, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaia","family":"Agirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV\/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2121-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itxaro","family":"Sukia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aritz","family":"Esnaola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7583-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainara","family":"Saralegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group \u2018Materials + Technologies\u2019, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV\/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, November 07). 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