{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:25:46Z","timestamp":1787239546214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22108143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22108143"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2022MC074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC074"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20241063010013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20241063010013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22108143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22108143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022MC074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20241063010013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20241063010013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Shenzhen Postdoctoral Research Funding Project","award":["22108143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22108143"]}]},{"name":"the Shenzhen Postdoctoral Research Funding Project","award":["ZR2022MC074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC074"]}]},{"name":"the Shenzhen Postdoctoral Research Funding Project","award":["20241063010013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20241063010013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to improve the slow-release performance of a film material for a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) while enhancing its biodegradability. A water-based biodegradable polymer material doped with biochar (BC) was prepared from modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and chitosan (CTS), hereinafter referred to as PVA\/PVP\u2013CTSaBCb. An environmentally friendly novel controlled-release phosphate fertilizer (CRPF) was developed using PVA\/PVP-CTS8%BC7% as the film. The effect of the PVA\/PVP-CTS8%BC7% coating on the service life of the CRPF was investigated. The film was characterized via stress\u2013strain testing, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA analyses. The addition of the CTS modifier increased the stress of PVA\/PVP-CTS8% by 7.6% compared with that of PVA\/PVP owing to the decrease in the crystallinity of PVP\/PVP-CTS8%. The hydrophilic \u2013OH groups were reduced due to the mixing of CTS and PVA\/PVP. Meanwhile, the water resistance of the PVA\/PVP-CTS8%BC7% was improved. And the controlled-release service life of the CRPF was prolonged. Moreover, the addition of BC increased the crystallinity of the PVA\/PVP-CTS8% by 10%, reduced the fracture elongation of the material, and further improved the biodegradability of the PVA\/PVP-CTS8%BC7%. When the amount of BC added was 7%, the phosphorus release rate of the CRPF was 30% on the 28th day. Moreover, the degradation rate of the PVA\/PVP-CTS8%BC7% polymer film was 35% after 120 days. This study provides basic data for applying water-based degradable polymer materials in CRFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16081041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1712746528000},"page":"1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Release and Degradation Mechanism of Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Double-Layer Coated Controlled-Release Phosphate Fertilizer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Teng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dekang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6806-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Peanut Biology, Genetics & Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 126 Wannianquan Road, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11342","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00303","article-title":"Applying and Optimizing Water-Soluble, Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers for Water-Saving Agriculture","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15250","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c04953","article-title":"Cellulose Nanofibers\/Engineered Biochar Hybrid Materials as Biodegradable Coating for Slow-Release Phosphate Fertilizers","volume":"10","author":"Kassem","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. 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