{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:07:03Z","timestamp":1791317223162,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Salman center For Disability Research","award":["KSRG-2022-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG-2022-060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional printing\u2014especially with fused deposition modeling (FDM)\u2014is widely used in the medical field as it enables customization. FDM is versatile owing to the availability of various materials, but selecting the appropriate material for a certain application can be challenging. Understanding materials\u2019 mechanical behaviors, particularly those of polymeric materials, is vital to determining their suitability for a given application. Physical testing with universal testing machines is the most used method for determining the mechanical behaviors of polymers. This method is resource-intensive and requires cylinders for compression testing and unique dumbbell-shaped specimens for tensile testing. Thus, a specialized fixture must be designed to conduct mechanical testing for the customized orthosis, which is costly and time-consuming. Finite element (FE) analysis using an appropriate material model must be performed to identify the mechanical behaviors of a customized shape (e.g., an orthosis). This study analyzed three material models, namely the Bergstr\u00f6m\u2013Boyce (BB), three-network (TN), and three-network viscoplastic (TNV) models, to determine the mechanical behaviors of polymer materials for personalized upper limb orthoses and examined three polymer materials: PLA, ABS, and PETG. The models were first calibrated for each material using experimental data. Once the models were calibrated and found to fit the data appropriately, they were employed to examine the customized orthosis\u2019s mechanical behaviors through FE analysis. This approach is innovative in that it predicts the mechanical characteristics of a personalized orthosis by combining theoretical and experimental investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16091220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T10:56:32Z","timestamp":1714128992000},"page":"1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predicting Mechanical Properties of Polymer Materials Using Rate-Dependent Material Models: Finite Element Analysis of Bespoke Upper Limb Orthoses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9780-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Hammad","family":"Mian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8715-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usama","family":"Umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaja","family":"Moiduddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1909-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"Alkhalefah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123905","article-title":"Development of Multiple Structured Extended Release Tablets via Hot Melt Extrusion and Dual-Nozzle Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing","volume":"653","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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