{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T06:58:48Z","timestamp":1775890728704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Excellence and Performance to Increase the RDI Institutional Capacity (Pro Excellence)","award":["27\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Excellence and Performance to Increase the RDI Institutional Capacity (Pro Excellence)","award":["43 PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43 PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization","award":["27\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization","award":["43 PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43 PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bio-fillers are intensively studied for advanced polymer composite circular design and production. In this context, the algal biomass may be considered an important and relatively low-cost resource, when harvested as a by-product from wastewater treatment plants. The biomass of the algal species Chlorella vulgaris is frequently used in this type of environmental process, and its macro constituents\u2019 composition ranges from around 15\u201325% carbohydrates, 10\u201320% lipids, and 50\u201360% proteins. Poly (styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS) copolymers have a matrix composed of glassy polystyrene domains connected by flexible polybutadiene segments. Although the physical-mechanical properties of SBS copolymers recommend them for many industrial applications, they have the drawback of low biodegradability. This study aimed to assess the aerobic biodegradability of polymer composites by integrating biomass from Chlorella vulgaris at varying mass percentages of 5, 10, and 20% into SBS copolymer composites. Biodegradation tests were conducted under industrial composting conditions (58 \u00b0C and 50% relative humidity) for 180 days. The biodegradability of materials was evaluated by measuring the CO2 produced in each vessel during the study period. Potential correlations between the amount of carbon dioxide released and the percentage of biomass added to the polymer matrix were examined. Structural and morphological changes were assessed using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Physical and chemical testing revealed a decrease in sample density after the industrial composting test, along with noticeable changes in melt flow index (MFI). The observed physical and chemical changes, coupled with FTIR, SEM, and DSC data, indicate increased cross-linking and higher porosity in biodegraded polymer structures with higher biomass content. This behavior is likely due to the formation of cross-linked connections between polymer chains and polypeptide chains resulting from protein degradation, enhancing connections between polystyrene units facilitated by peptide bonds with the benzene units of the styrene blocks within the polymer matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16091241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1714386816000},"page":"1241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of Biogenic Material Content on the Biodegradability of Styrene-Butadiene Composites with Incorporated Chlorella vulgaris Biomass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7568-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Bumbac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-1303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Mihaela","family":"Nicolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Traian","family":"Zaharescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Electrical Engineering, Advanced Research (INCDIE ICPE CA), 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8470-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costel","family":"Bumbac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, District 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Elisabeta","family":"Manea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, District 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioana Alexandra","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, District 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ion Valentin","family":"Gurgu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan-Catalin","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Bucharest, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Voluntari, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5713-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"Buiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Bucharest, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Voluntari, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crinela","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, J., and Choudhury, M. 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