{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:17:39Z","timestamp":1790709459279,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12202210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022r095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022r095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013156","name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12202210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013156","name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022r095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022r095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring military and police personnel protection is vital for urban security. However, the impact response mechanism of the UHMWPE laminate used in ballistic helmets and vests remains unclear, making it hard to effectively protect the head, chest, and abdomen. This study utilized 3D-DIC technology to analyze UHMWPE laminate\u2019s response to 9 mm lead-core pistol bullets traveling at 334.93 m\/s. Damage mode and response characteristics were revealed, and an effective numerical calculation method was established that could reveal the energy conversion process. The bullet penetrated by 1.03 mm, causing noticeable fiber traction, resulting in cross-shaped failure due to fiber compression and aggregation. Bulge transitioned from circular to square, initially increasing rapidly, then slowing. Maximum in-plane shear strain occurred at \u00b145\u00b0, with values of 0.0904 and \u22120.0928. Model accuracy was confirmed by comparing strain distributions. The investigation focused on bullet-laminate interaction and energy conversion. Bullet\u2019s kinetic energy is converted into laminate\u2019s kinetic and internal energy, with the majority of erosion energy occurring in the first four equivalent sublaminates and the primary energy change in the system occurring at 75 \u03bcs in the fourth equivalent sublayer. The results show the damage mode and energy conversion of the laminate, providing theoretical support for understanding the impact response mechanism and improving the efficiency of protective energy absorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16101427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T06:53:49Z","timestamp":1715928829000},"page":"1427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact Response Features and Penetration Mechanism of UHMWPE Subjected to Handgun Bullet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3488-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology (B-DAT), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0498-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology (B-DAT), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology (B-DAT), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia North Heavy Industries Group Limited Company Nanjing Institute, Nanjing 210049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuangqing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoke","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-9129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis Technology (B-DAT), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NingBo DaCheng Advanced Material Company Limited, Ningbo 315300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2017.07.031","article-title":"Effect of strain rate on the dynamic tensile behaviour of UHMWPE fibre laminates","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. 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