{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:33:07Z","timestamp":1779273187126,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana","award":["18364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18364"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONAHCyT)","award":["18364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitin is a structural polysaccharide abundant in the biosphere. Chitin possesses a highly ordered crystalline structure that makes its processing a challenge. In this study, chitin hydrogels and methanogels, prepared by dissolution in calcium chloride\/methanol, were subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to produce porous materials for use as scaffolds for osteoblasts. The control of the morphology, porosity, and physicochemical properties of the produced materials was performed according to the operational conditions, as well as the co-solvent addition. The dissolution of CO2 in methanol co-solvent improved the sorption of the compressed fluid into the hydrogel, rendering highly porous chitin scaffolds. The chitin crystallinity index significantly decreased after processing the hydrogel in supercritical conditions, with a significant effect on its swelling capacity. The use of scCO2 with methanol co-solvent resulted in chitin scaffolds with characteristics adequate to the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16111569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Green Foaming of Biologically Extracted Chitin Hydrogels Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Scaffolding of Human Osteoblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Quintana-Quirino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopolymers and Pilot Plant of Bioprocessing of Agro-Industrial and Food By-Products, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0070-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopolymers and Pilot Plant of Bioprocessing of Agro-Industrial and Food By-Products, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phaedra","family":"Silva-Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering, Cellular Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering, Cellular Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Manuel","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Manuel","family":"Araujo Monsalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Biotechnology Department, Chemistry Faculty, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiko","family":"Shirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopolymers and Pilot Plant of Bioprocessing of Agro-Industrial and Food By-Products, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Alternative methods for chitin and chitosan preparation, characterization, and application","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Gopi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan: Preparation and Properties"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.101","article-title":"Fabrication of porous chitin membrane using ionic liquid and subsequent characterization and modelling studies","volume":"198","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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