{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:24:56Z","timestamp":1789709096663,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MUR National Innovation Ecosystem\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) Italy\u2014Vitality","award":["ECS 00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS 00000041"]}]},{"name":"MUR National Innovation Ecosystem\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) Italy\u2014Vitality","award":["CUP D73C22000840006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D73C22000840006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryogels represent a valid strategy as scaffolds for tissue engineering. In order to adequately support adhesion and proliferation of anchorage-dependent cells, different polymers need to be combined within the same scaffold trying to mimic the complex features of a natural extracellular matrix (ECM). For this reason, in this work, gelatin (Gel) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), both functionalized with methacrylic groups to produce CSMA and GelMA derivatives, were selected to prepare cryogel networks. Both homopolymer and heteropolymer cryogels were produced, via radical crosslinking reactions carried out at \u221212 \u00b0C for 2 h. All the scaffolds were characterized for their mechanical, swelling and morphological properties, before and after autoclave sterilization. Moreover, they were evaluated for their biocompatibility and ability to support the adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts and tenocytes. GelMA-based homopolymer networks better withstood the autoclave sterilization process, compared to CSMA cryogels. Indeed, GelMA cryogels showed a decrease in stiffness of approximately 30%, whereas CSMA cryogels of approximately 80%. When GelMA and CSMA were blended in the same network, an intermediate outcome was observed. However, the hybrid scaffolds showed a general worsening of the biological performance. Indeed, despite their ability to withstand autoclave sterilization with limited modification of the mechanical and morphological properties, the hybrid cryogels exhibited poor cell adhesion and high LDH leakage. Therefore, not only do network components need to be properly selected, but also their combination and ability to withstand effective sterilization process should be carefully evaluated for the development of efficient scaffolds designed for tissue engineering purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16131939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1720414369000},"page":"1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of Composition and Autoclave Sterilization on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of ECM-Mimicking Cryogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Di Muzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1705-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susi","family":"Zara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Cataldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6651-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito Cosimo","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1651-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Bigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Carradori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5734-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Tirill\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Petralito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8414-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Antonietta","family":"Casadei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Paolicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.08.016","article-title":"Micro-Scaffolds as Synthetic Cell Niches: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"73","author":"Lemma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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