{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:43:21Z","timestamp":1791218601514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation of the bile ducts and surrounding tissues can impede bile flow from the liver into the intestines. If this occurs, a plastic or self-expanding metal (SEM) stent is placed to restore bile drainage. United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved plastic biliary stents are less expensive than SEMs but have limited patency and can occlude bile flow if placed spanning a duct juncture. Recently, we investigated the effects of variations to post-processing and autoclaving on a commercially available stereolithography (SLA) resin in an effort to produce a suitable material for use in a biliary stent, an FDA Class II medical device. We tested six variations from the manufacturer\u2019s recommended post-processing and found that tripling the isopropanol (IPA) wash time to 60 min and reducing the time and temperature of the UV cure to 10 min at 40 \u00b0C, followed by a 30 min gravity autoclave cycle, yielded a polymer that was flexible and non-cytotoxic. In turn, we designed and fabricated customizable, SLA 3D-printed polymeric biliary stents that permit bile flow at a duct juncture and can be deployed via catheter. Next, we generated an in silico stent 3-point bend test to predict displacements and peak stresses in the stent designs. We confirmed our simulation accuracy with experimental data from 3-point bend tests on SLA 3D-printed stents. Unfortunately, our 3-point bend test simulation indicates that, when bent to the degree needed for placement via catheter (~30\u00b0), the peak stress the stents are predicted to experience would exceed the yield stress of the polymer. Thus, the risk of permanent deformation or damage during placement via catheter to a stent printed and post-processed as we have described would be significant. Moving forward, we will test alternative resins and post-processing parameters that have increased elasticity but would still be compatible with use in a Class II medical device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16141978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1720697455000},"page":"1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Towards a Customizable, SLA 3D-Printed Biliary Stent: Optimizing a Commercially Available Resin and Predicting Stent Behavior with Accurate In Silico Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Cordista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"},{"name":"McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"},{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Verheyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainsley","family":"Westbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6007-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakriti","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Zabala Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9949-6485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Gaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1358-3167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0125-y","article-title":"Cholangiocyte Pathobiology","volume":"16","author":"Banales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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