{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:20:18Z","timestamp":1788178818817,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since buildings are designed to endure over time, it is crucial to comprehend how laminated glass (LG) windows, and consequently, the polymer interlayer materials, respond to weathering. This paper explores the impact of accelerated humidity on the mechanical properties of several polymer interlayer materials and LG sections. The study specifically focuses on three polymer interlayer materials of industrial interest: polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and ionomer (SG). To examine the environmental effects, testing setups were devised to subject the polymeric materials and LG panels to specific conditions. Uniaxial tension coupons and LG disks were submerged in a water bath to simulate the environmental effect. A dedicated testing fixture was designed and manufactured for the LG disks. The results showed that the properties of EVA, including strength, maximum strain, and toughness, were not significantly affected by the environmental conditions. However, the properties of SG5000 were notably impacted, with a significant reduction in its bond strength due to water immersion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16142040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:29:43Z","timestamp":1721219383000},"page":"2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Environmental Bond Degradation of Different Laminated Glass Panels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8190-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"El-Sisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3091-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elsawi Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"El-Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elbelbisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.105231","article-title":"Influence of Interlayer Types and Thicknesses on the Blast Performance of Laminated Glass Panels","volume":"57","author":"Elbelbisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133923","article-title":"Performance of LG Window Systems with Different Materials under Extreme Static Loading","volume":"409","author":"Bowman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108870","article-title":"Effect of Glass Type and Thickness on the Static and Blast Response of LG Panels","volume":"86","author":"Elbelbisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(94)00111-K","article-title":"Dielectric and Mechanical Properties in the Photodegradation of Poly (Vinyl Butyral) Films","volume":"47","author":"Saad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.010","article-title":"Weathering Action on Thermo-Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Interlayers for Laminated Glass","volume":"98","author":"Andreozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serafinavicius, T., Lebet, J.-P., Louter, C., Kuranovas, A., and Lenkimas, T. (2014, January 6\u20137). The Effects of Environmental Impacts on Durability of Laminated Glass Plates with Interlayers (SG, EVA, PVB). Proceedings of the Challenging Glass 4 & COST Action TU0905 Final Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16499-66"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Delinc\u00e9, D., Belis, J., Zarmati, G., and Parmentier, B. (2007, January 15\u201318). Structural Behaviour of Laminated Glass Elements-a Step towards Standardization. Proceedings of the Glass Performance Days-Conference Proceedings, Tampere, Finland."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"59","article-title":"Influence of Moisture on the Post-Fracture Performance of Laminated Glass","volume":"2013","author":"Butchart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glas. Perform. Days"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"14","article-title":"Ageing Behaviour of Polymeric Interlayer Materials and Laminates","volume":"13","author":"Weller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transition"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"582","article-title":"Tragverhalten von Bewitterten VerbundSicherheitsglas-Scheiben","volume":"76","author":"Ensslen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fachthemen"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Antolinc, D. (2020, January 4). Three-Point Bending Test of Laminated Glass with PVB and EVA Interlayers at Elevated Temperature. Proceedings of the Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings, Gent, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116897","article-title":"Polymeric Interlayer Materials for Laminated Glass: A Review","volume":"230","author":"Centelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.03.009","article-title":"Post-Failure Behavior of Laminated Glass Beams Using Different Interlayers","volume":"202","author":"Biolzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112221","article-title":"Constitutive Relationships of Different Interlayer Materials for Laminated Glass","volume":"244","author":"Biolzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.03.077","article-title":"Mechanical Characterization of Polyvinil Butyral from Static and Modal Tests on Laminated Glass Beams","volume":"169","author":"Noriega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2019.103334","article-title":"Fracture and Fragmentation of Blast-Loaded Laminated Glass: An Experimental and Numerical Study","volume":"132","author":"Osnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2019.04.006","article-title":"On the Bonding between Glass and PVB in Laminated Glass","volume":"214","author":"Samieian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.02.013","article-title":"Structural Behavior Thin Glass Ionomer Laminates with Optimized Specific Strength and Stiffness","volume":"125","author":"Shitanoki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2020.103505","article-title":"Impact Response of Laminated Glass with Varying Interlayer Materials","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.286","article-title":"Experimental Investigation into the Post-Breakage Performance of Pre-Cracked Laminated Glass Plates","volume":"224","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118230","article-title":"Tensile Test on Interlayer Materials for Laminated Glass under Diverse Ageing Conditions and Strain Rates","volume":"243","author":"Centelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111426","article-title":"A Simple Model for the Post-Breakage Response of Laminated Glass under in-Plane Loading","volume":"230","author":"Galuppi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132562","article-title":"Influence of Panels Size on the Static and Dynamic Performance of Laminated Glass Panels","volume":"399","author":"Elbelbisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2012.07.008","article-title":"Stress Analysis of Laminated Glass with Different Interlayer Materials","volume":"51","author":"Norville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.04.005","article-title":"The Post-Breakage Response of Laminated Heat-Treated Glass under in Plane and out of Plane Loading","volume":"147","author":"Galuppi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.129","article-title":"Influence of Interlayer Properties on the Blast Performance of Laminated Glass Panels","volume":"98","author":"Thambiratnam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, J.T., El-Sisi, A.A., Elbelbisi, A.H., Newberry, M., and Salim, H.A. (2022). Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Glass Polymer Interlayer Subjected to Environmental Effects. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14235113"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2020.103588","article-title":"Experimental Study of the Dynamic Response of PVB Laminated Glass under Vented Explosion Loads of Methane\u2013Air Mixtures","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J. (2023). Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete in Civil Engineering. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071755"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47203","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47203","article-title":"Experimental Assessment of the Improved Properties during Aging of Flax\/Glass Hybrid Composite Laminates for Marine Applications","volume":"136","author":"Calabrese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"4463","article-title":"Behavior of Monolithic and Laminated Glass Plates under Wheel Load Environment","volume":"2019","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ekoloji Derg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/13588260701442249","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Interface Fracture Toughness of PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral)\/Glass at High Strain Rates","volume":"12","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2010.10.009","article-title":"Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of PVB Laminated Glass under Quasi-Static and Dynamic Loadings","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-6202-4","article-title":"The Mechanical Behaviour of Poly (Vinyl Butyral) at Different Strain Magnitudes and Strain Rates","volume":"47","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.06.076","article-title":"The Mechanical Properties of Ionoplast Interlayer Material at High Strain Rates","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12788","article-title":"Experimental and Simulation Studies on Fatigue Behavior of Laminated Glass Having Polyvinyl Butyral and Ethyl Vinyl Acetate Interlayers","volume":"41","author":"Vedrtnam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11029-021-09979-6","article-title":"The Influence of Internal Stresses on the Aging of Polymer Composite Materials: A Review","volume":"57","author":"Kablov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkilani, A., El-Emam, H., Elsisi, A., Elbelbisi, A., and Salim, H. (2024). The Influence of Strain Rate Behavior on Laminated Glass Interlayer Types for Cured and Uncured Polymers. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16060730"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"472","article-title":"A Numerical Study on Improvement of Shape Memory Alloy Bolt Characteristics of Beam-Column Connections","volume":"12","author":"Elsawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jordan J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3221\/IGF-ESIS.64.07","article-title":"Efficiency of Shape Memory Alloy Seismic Restrainers for Several Conditions of Bridge Joints","volume":"17","author":"Eraky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frat. Integrit\u00e0 Strutt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106641","article-title":"Flexural Properties of Sandwich Composite Panels with Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy Facesheets Strengthened by SMA Wires","volume":"89","author":"Khalili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.10.016","article-title":"Improving the Corrosion Protection Properties of PVB Coating by Using Salicylaldehyde@ ZIF-8\/Graphene Oxide Two-Dimensional Nanocomposites","volume":"146","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(1998). Verbundglas Und Verbund-Sicherheitsglas\u2014Teil 4: Verfahren Zur Pr\u00fcfung Der Bestz\u00e4ndigkeit (Standard No. DIN EN ISO 12543-4)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2005). Glas Im Bauwesen\u2014Verbundglas Und Verbund-Sicherheitsglas\u2014Konformit\u00e4tsbewertung\/Produktnorm (Standard No. EN 14449)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (Standard No. ASTM D570-98)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2000). Plastics\u2014Determination of Water Absorption (Standard No. ISO 62)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1993.070500607","article-title":"Determination of Diffusion Coefficient of Water in Polymer Films by TGA","volume":"50","author":"Ogawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/14\/2040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:18:27Z","timestamp":1760109507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/14\/2040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16142040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16142040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]}}}