{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:23:52Z","timestamp":1774639432776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multiscale modelling\/characterization and fabrication of nanocomposite ceramics with improved toughness (CONCERTO)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The improvement of the mucosal sealing around the implant represents a challenge, one that prompted research into novel materials. To this purpose, a printable poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL)-based composite loaded with alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) at increasing rates of 10, 20, and 40 wt.% was prepared, using a solvent casting method with chloroform. Disks were produced by 3D printing; surface roughness, free energy and optical contact angle were measured. Oral fibroblasts (PF) and epithelial cell (SG) tests were utilized to determine the biocompatibility of the materials through cell viability assay and adhesion and spreading evaluations. The highest level of ATZ resulted in an increase in the average roughness (Sa), while the maximum height (Sz) was higher for all composites than that of the unmixed PCL, regardless of their ATZ content. Surface free energy was significantly lower on PCL\/ATZ 80\/20 and PCL\/ATZ 60\/40, compared to PCL and PCL\/ATZ 90\/10. The contact angle was inversely related to the quantity of ATZ in the material. PF grew without variations among the different specimens at 1 and 3 days. After 7 days, PF grew significantly less on PCL\/ATZ 60\/40 and PCL\/ATZ 80\/20 compared to unmixed PCL and PCL 90\/10. Conversely, ATZ affected and improved the growth of SG. By increasing the filler amount, PF cell adhesion and spreading augmented, while PCL\/ATZ 80\/20 was the best for SG adhesion. Overall, PCL\/ATZ 80\/20 emerged as the best composite for both cell types; hence, it is a promising candidate for the manufacture of custom made transmucosal dental implant components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16172521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T04:15:11Z","timestamp":1725509711000},"page":"2521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early Biological Response to Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Alumina-Toughened Zirconia Composites Obtained by 3D Printing for Peri-Implant Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2955-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Pedraza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mosca Balma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3029-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Roato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7781-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Orrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tullio","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Baima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3263-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Nicolao","family":"Berta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2761-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Metrology and Engineering Division, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica 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