{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:46:42Z","timestamp":1786996002486,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INAIL-BRIC Project","award":["61\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61\/2022"]}]},{"name":"INAIL-BRIC Project","award":["CUP:C97G23000040005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP:C97G23000040005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In our continuing search for new polymer composites with antimicrobial activity, we observed that even unmodified epoxy resins exhibit significant activity. Considering their widespread use as starting materials for the realization of multifunctional nanocomposites with excellent chemical and mechanical properties, it was deemed relevant to uncover these unexpected properties that can lead to novel applications. In fact, in places where the contact with human activities makes working surfaces susceptible to microbial contamination, thus jeopardizing the sterility of the environment, their biological activity opens the way to their successful application in minimizing healthcare-associated infections. To this end, three commercial and widely used epoxy resins (DGEBA\/Elan-TechW 152LR, 1; EPIKOTETM Resin MGS\u00ae\/EPIKURETM RIM H 235, 2 and MC152\/EW101, 3) have been investigated to determine their antibacterial and antiviral activity. After 24 h, according to ISO 22196:2011, resins 1 and 2 showed a high antibacterial efficacy (R value &gt; 6.0 log reduction) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Resin 2, prepared according to the ratio epoxy\/hardener indicated by the supplier (sample 2a) and with 10% w\/w hardener excess (sample 2b), exhibited an intriguing virucidal activity against Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 and Human Coronavirus type V-OC43 as a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16182571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1726050781000},"page":"2571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Revealing Commercial Epoxy Resins\u2019 Antimicrobial Activity: A Combined Chemical\u2013Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Rigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1108-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamoun","family":"Khatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, 11km Sero Road, Urmia 5756151818, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4287-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Mansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Marcelloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Proietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Chiominto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL), Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Amori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Frezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lipani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Cermelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Quaresimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Zappalorto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pontefisso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8618-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Pastrello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Modesti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0938-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Sgarbossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Bertani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thandar, M.M., Rahman, M.O., Haruyama, R., Matsuoka, S., Okawa, S., Moriyama, J., Yokobori, Y., Matsubara, C., Nagai, M., and Ota, E. 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