{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:20:57Z","timestamp":1790914857114,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia through the HICoE","award":["2022001HICOE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022001HICOE"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia through the HICoE","award":["202203004ETG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203004ETG"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia through the HICoE","award":["202202KETTHA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202KETTHA"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia through the HICoE","award":["J510050002\/HICOE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002\/HICOE01"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia through the HICoE","award":["J510050002-IC-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002-IC-6"]}]},{"name":"Dato\u2019 Low Tuck Kwong International Energy Transition","award":["2022001HICOE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022001HICOE"]}]},{"name":"Dato\u2019 Low Tuck Kwong International Energy Transition","award":["202203004ETG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203004ETG"]}]},{"name":"Dato\u2019 Low Tuck Kwong International Energy Transition","award":["202202KETTHA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202KETTHA"]}]},{"name":"Dato\u2019 Low Tuck Kwong International Energy Transition","award":["J510050002\/HICOE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002\/HICOE01"]}]},{"name":"Dato\u2019 Low Tuck Kwong International Energy Transition","award":["J510050002-IC-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002-IC-6"]}]},{"name":"AAIBE Chair of Renewable Energy","award":["2022001HICOE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022001HICOE"]}]},{"name":"AAIBE Chair of Renewable Energy","award":["202203004ETG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203004ETG"]}]},{"name":"AAIBE Chair of Renewable Energy","award":["202202KETTHA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202KETTHA"]}]},{"name":"AAIBE Chair of Renewable Energy","award":["J510050002\/HICOE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002\/HICOE01"]}]},{"name":"AAIBE Chair of Renewable Energy","award":["J510050002-IC-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002-IC-6"]}]},{"name":"BOLD HICOE","award":["2022001HICOE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022001HICOE"]}]},{"name":"BOLD HICOE","award":["202203004ETG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203004ETG"]}]},{"name":"BOLD HICOE","award":["202202KETTHA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202KETTHA"]}]},{"name":"BOLD HICOE","award":["J510050002\/HICOE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002\/HICOE01"]}]},{"name":"BOLD HICOE","award":["J510050002-IC-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002-IC-6"]}]},{"name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)","award":["2022001HICOE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022001HICOE"]}]},{"name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)","award":["202203004ETG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203004ETG"]}]},{"name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)","award":["202202KETTHA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202KETTHA"]}]},{"name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)","award":["J510050002\/HICOE01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002\/HICOE01"]}]},{"name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)","award":["J510050002-IC-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002-IC-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) is a powerful system for generating electrical energy for various applications. However, there are several limitations that hinder the commercialization of DMFCs, such as the expense of platinum (Pt) at market price, sluggish methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) due to carbon monoxide (CO) formation, and slow electrooxidation kinetics. This work introduces carbon nanocages (CNCs) that were obtained through the pyrolysis of polypyrrole (Ppy) as the carbon source. The CNCs were characterized using BET, XRD, HRTEM, TEM, SEM, and FTIR techniques. The CNCs derived from the Ppy source, pyrolyzed at 750 \u00b0C, exhibited the best morphologies with a high specific surface area of 416 m2g\u22121, allowing for good metal dispersion. Subsequently, PtRu catalyst was doped onto the CNC-Ppy750 support using chemical reduction and microwave-assisted methods. In electrochemical tests, the PtRu\/CNC-Ppy750 electrocatalyst demonstrated improved CO tolerance and higher performance in MOR compared to PtRu-supported commercial carbon black (CB), with values of 427 mA mg\u22121 and 248 mA mg\u22121, respectively. The superior MOR performance of PtRu\/CNC-Ppy750 was attributed to its high surface area of CNC support, uniform dispersion of PtRu catalyst, and small PtRu nanoparticles on the CNC. In DMFC single-cell tests, the PtRu\/CNC-Ppy750 exhibited higher performance, approximately 1.7 times higher than PtRu\/CB. In conclusion, the PtRu\/CNC-PPy750 represents a promising electrocatalyst candidate for MOR and anodic DMFC applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16192684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:49:46Z","timestamp":1727149786000},"page":"2684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Harnessing the Potential of Hollow Graphitic Carbon Nanocages for Enhanced Methanol Oxidation Using PtRu Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8666-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zatil Amali Che","family":"Ramli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6961-2035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Pasupuleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Kartom","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azran Mohd","family":"Zainoodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Nor Roslam Wan","family":"Isahak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sieh Tiong","family":"Kiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.04.239","article-title":"Progress and Major BARRIERS of Nanocatalyst Development in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: A Review","volume":"47","author":"Ramli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. 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