{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:16:58Z","timestamp":1790619418601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and Department of Science and Technology, Government of India"},{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existing treatments against Trypanosoma evansi are faced with several drawbacks, such as limited drug options, resistance, the relapse of infection, toxicity, etc., which emphasizes the necessity for new alternatives. We synthesized novel metal-based antiparasitic compounds using chitosan, hydroxychloroquine (HC), and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and characterized them for size, morphology, chemical interactions, etc. Molecular docking and protein interaction studies were performed in silico to investigate the inhibitory effects of HC, zinc-ligated hydroxychloroquine (HCZnONPs), and chitosan-zinc-ligated hydroxychloroquine (CsHCZnONPs) for two key proteins, i.e., heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and trypanothione reductase associated with T. evansi. In vitro trypanocidal activity and the uptake of zinc ions by T. evansi parasites were observed. The formulation was successfully synthesized, as indicated by its size, stability, morphology, elemental analysis, and functional groups. CsHCZnO nanoparticles strongly inhibit both Hsp90 and trypanothione reductase proteins. The inhibition of Hsp90 by these nanoparticles is even stronger than that of trypanothione reductase when compared to HC and HCZnONPs. This suggests that the presence of polymer chitosan enhances the nanoparticles\u2019 effectiveness against the parasite. For the first time, CsHCZnO nanoparticles exhibited trypanocidal activity against T. evansi, with complete growth inhibition being observed at various concentrations after 72 h of treatment. Fluorescent microscopy using FluoZin-3 on T. evansi culture confirmed the presence of zinc on the surface of parasites. This innovative approach has shown promising results in the quest to develop improved antiparasitic compounds against T. evansi with enhanced effectiveness and safety, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents against trypanosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16192777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T11:32:05Z","timestamp":1727695925000},"page":"2777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chitosan-Zinc-Ligated Hydroxychloroquine: Molecular Docking, Synthesis, Characterization, and Trypanocidal Activity against Trypanosoma evansi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-8114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anju","family":"Manuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4858-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruma","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Sihag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7395-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minakshi","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4502-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balvinder","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2018). 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