{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T19:29:02Z","timestamp":1783711742050,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Program","award":["20010768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20010768"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Program","award":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["20010768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20010768"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["20010768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20010768"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning","award":["20010768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20010768"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning","award":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3J1A1085389"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automakers are focusing on lightweight vehicles to address fuel economy and emission challenges and are using high-performance materials such as 2K PU-based joints as alternatives to cast iron, steel, and other metals. This study was conducted with the aim of expanding the application of 2K PU and enhancing its compatibility with steel substrates, which are commonly used in the automotive manufacturing industry, through the use of O-I hybrid nanoparticles containing alkoxysilane groups as additives in the 2K PU formulation. At the same time, the simplified process introduced and examined in this study demonstrates its feasibility for industrial-scale applications; the process offers notable advantages in reducing workload and curing time by eliminating cumbersome surface pretreatment steps before applying the 2K PU layer. Two types of commercial SB PU and EB PU were selected to study the mechanism by which O-I hybrid NPs enhance adhesion when integrated directly into the 2K PU formulation. We optimized various input parameters through practical work and modeling using the response surface method. These parameters included the amounts of AFAP precursor, APTES, and butylene glycol (BG) and the mixing ratio of O-I hybrid NPs in the formulations of two commercial PUs. The results show that O-I hybrid NPs significantly enhance adhesion, increasing performance on stainless surfaces by up to 2.35 times compared to pristine EB and SB PU. Notably, the SB PU\u2019s performance can improve up to 2.5 times according to the RSM predictions, highlighting the substantial impact of O-I hybrid NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16192816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T12:02:20Z","timestamp":1728043340000},"page":"2816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Organic\u2013Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles for Enhancing Adhesion of 2K Polyurethane to Steel and Their Performance Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Thu","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposite Structure Polymer Laboratory, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposite Structure Polymer Laboratory, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"VN-UK Institute for Research and Executive Education, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposite Structure Polymer Laboratory, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanocomposite Structure Polymer Laboratory, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5665","article-title":"Polyurethanes for coatings and adhesives\u2014Chemistry and applications","volume":"68","author":"Golling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. 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