{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:26:48Z","timestamp":1790177208870,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Minister of University and Research"},{"name":"International Cooperation Program EUROSTARS 3-Call 2022 CoD03"},{"name":"project: AIWTUC \u201cAn innovative way to use Chitin: from Organic Waste to functional fabrics\u201d"},{"name":"Next Generation EU\u2013MUR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia Illucens can grow rapidly and on a wide variety of organic materials, and it is extensively used as a means of disposing of household organic waste. Different phases of the life cycle of BSF larvae (BSFL) are used in this work to extract chitin after the removal of lipids, mineral salts, and proteins. Multiple techniques, such as X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C ss-NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis, are used to investigate the chemical and physical characteristics of the extracted samples of chitin, which shows a high degree of acetylation (from 78% to 94%). The extracted chitin shows an increase of the thermal stability of 20 \u00b0C in the initial stage of life and 35 \u00b0C at the end of the life cycle if compared with a commercial standard. Moreover, the extracted chitin shows an increase in the crystallinity degree during the BSFL growth time (from 72% to 78%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16202861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T08:16:42Z","timestamp":1728548202000},"page":"2861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Chitin Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Larvae at Different Growth Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Marangon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza S. Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0944-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geo","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myia SA, Via Industria 12, CH-6710, 6710 Biasca, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6275-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza S. Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-020-00656-x","article-title":"Insect Frass in the Development of Sustainable Agriculture. A Review","volume":"41","author":"Poveda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6533","article-title":"Current State of Chitin Purification and Chitosan Production from Insects","volume":"95","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zainol Abidin, N.A., Kormin, F., Zainol Abidin, N.A., Mohamed Anuar, N.A.F., and Abu Bakar, M.F. (2020). 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