{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:54:48Z","timestamp":1785376488842,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS\/CCCDI-UEFISCDI, Romania","award":["PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1141"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS\/CCCDI-UEFISCDI, Romania","award":["PCE 65\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCE 65\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS\/CCCDI-UEFISCDI, Romania","award":["PNCDI III"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNCDI III"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seed cakes, by-products from the cold press extraction of vegetable oils, are valuable animal feed supplements due to their high content of proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. However, the presence of anti-nutrients, as well as the rancidification and development of aflatoxins, can impede their intended use, requiring alternative treatment and valorisation methods. Thermal treatment as a procedure for the conversion of seed cakes from walnuts, hemp, pumpkin, flax, and sunflower into valuable products or energy has been investigated in this paper. Thermogravimetry shows the particular behaviour of seed cakes, with several degradation stages at around 230\u2013280 and 340\u2013390 \u00b0C, before and after the typical degradation of cellulose. These are related to the volatilisation of fatty acids, which are either free or bonded as triglycerides, and with the thermal degradation of proteins. Torrefaction at 250 \u00b0C produced ~75\u201382 wt% solids, with high calorific values of 24\u201326 kJ\/g and an energy yield above 90%. The liquid products have a complex composition, with most parts of the compounds partitioning between the aqueous phase (strongly dominant) and the oily one (present in traces). The structural components of seed cakes (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin) produce acetic acid, hydroxy ketones, furans, and phenols. In addition to these, most compounds are nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds from the degradation of protein components, which are highly present in seed cakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16202872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T08:10:16Z","timestamp":1728634216000},"page":"2872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Thermal Properties of Seed Cake Biomasses and Their Valorisation by Torrefaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Butnaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1409-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Stoleru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6706-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ioni\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Brebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanif, M.A., Nadeem, F., Tariq, R., and Rashid, U. (2022). Energy resources and utilization. Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818150-8.00011-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00340-7","article-title":"Principles, drivers and opportunities of a circular bioeconomy","volume":"2","author":"Muscat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gupta, S.K. (2016). Designer oil crops. Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Dobrescu, M. (2024, August 31). Romanian Oilseeds Poised for Big Recovery. USDA GAIN Report, Available online: https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/newgainapi\/api\/Report\/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Romanian%20Oilseeds%20Poised%20for%20Big%20Recovery_Bucharest_Romania_05-23-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"467","article-title":"Oilseeds crops: Sunflower. Rape and soybean cultivated surface and production in Romania in the period 2010\u20132019 and forecast for 2020\u20132024 horizon","volume":"20","author":"Popescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Pap. Ser. Manag. Econ. Eng. Agric. Rural. Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113061","article-title":"Composition, functional properties, health benefits and applications of oilseed proteins: A systematic review","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakita, S., Koki\u0107, B., Manoni, M., Mazzoleni, S., Lin, P., Luciano, A., Ottoboni, M., Cheli, F., and Pinotti, L. (2023). Cold-pressed oilseed cakes as alternative and sustainable feed ingredients: A review. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12030432"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petraru, A., Ursachi, F., and Amariei, S. (2021). Nutritional characteristics assessment of sunflower seeds, oil and cake. Perspective of using sunflower oilcakes as a functional ingredient. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112487"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394294-4.00005-5","article-title":"Fiber: Composition, Structures, and Functional Properties","volume":"Volume 68","author":"Boland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadan, M.F. (2020). Valorization of by-products from the production of pressed edible oils to produce biopolymer films. Cold Pressed Oils. Green Technology, Bioactive Compounds, Functionality, and Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818188-1.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.03.044","article-title":"Oilseeds beyond oil: Press cakes and meals supplying global protein requirements","volume":"100","author":"Arrutia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.15425","article-title":"Functional properties of hemp protein concentrate obtained by alkaline extraction and successive ultrafiltration and spray-drying","volume":"57","author":"Potin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza-P\u00e9rez, R.J., N\u00e1thia-Neves, G., Blanco, B., Vela, A.J., Caballero, P.A., and Ronda, F. (2024). Physicochemical characterisation of seeds, oil and defatted cake of three hempseed varieties cultivated in Spain. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13040531"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-023-03225-8","article-title":"Effects of feed moisture content on the physical and nutritional quality attributes of sunflower meal-based high-moisture meat analogues","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2971","article-title":"Sunflower proteins: Overview of their physicochemical, structural and functional properties","volume":"87","author":"Vereijken","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food. Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.014","article-title":"Biorefining of seed oil cakes as industrial co-streams for production of innovative bioplastics","volume":"109","author":"Mirpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Rev. Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4549.2009.00452.x","article-title":"Chemical composition, storage stability and effect of cold-pressed flaxseed oil cake inclusion on bread quality","volume":"35","author":"Ogunronbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"392","article-title":"Comparative study of the chemical composition and nutritional value of pumpkin seed cake, soybean meal and casein","volume":"43","author":"Zdunczyk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-014-2514-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different seed and nut cakes from the edible oil industry","volume":"91","author":"Sarkis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.114","article-title":"A review on flaxseeds: Nutritional profile, health benefits, value added products, and toxicity","volume":"4","author":"Pramanik","year":"2023","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"213","article-title":"Contents of phytochemicals and antinutritional factors in commercial protein-rich plant products","volume":"2","author":"Mattila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.10.008","article-title":"Valorization of sunflower by-product using microwave-assisted extraction to obtain a rich protein flour: Recovery of chlorogenic acid, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity","volume":"125","author":"Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12213","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid oxidation and its reaction with sunflower proteins to form green-colored complexes","volume":"15","author":"Wildermuth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8031588","article-title":"Mycoflora and mycotoxin production in oilseed cakes during farm storage","volume":"57","author":"Lanier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2021.03.020","article-title":"Pyrolysis of flaxseed residue: Exploration of characteristics of the biochar and bio-oil products","volume":"97","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energ. Inst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., and Hu, C. (2024). Slow pyrolysis of de-oiled rapeseed cake: Influence of pyrolysis parameters on the yield and characteristics of the liquid obtained. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17030612"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"101205","article-title":"An overview of pyrolysis of de-oiled cakes for the production of biochar, bio-oil, and pyro-gas: Current status, challenges, and future perspective","volume":"19","author":"Rajpoot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biores. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2022.106413","article-title":"Characterization of bark, needles and cones from silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) towards valorization of biomass forestry residues","volume":"159","author":"Butnaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118640","article-title":"Hydrothermal conversion of oilseed cakes into valuable products: Influence of operating conditions and whey as an alternative process liquid on product properties and their utilization","volume":"313","author":"Predikaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.12.029","article-title":"Pyrolysis kinetics and thermal behavior of waste sawdust biomass using thermogravimetric analysis","volume":"251","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biores. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115376","article-title":"Valorization of forestry residues by thermal methods. The effect of temperature on gradual degradation of structural components in bark from silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)","volume":"187","author":"Butnaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.22.3.8532","article-title":"Torrefaction process of needles, cones and bark of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","volume":"73","author":"Butnaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e1rta, J., B\u00e1rtov\u00e1, V., Jaro\u0161ov\u00e1, M., \u0160vajner, J., Smetana, P., Kadlec, J., Filip, V., Kyselka, J., Ber\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, M., and Zdr\u00e1hal, Z. (2021). Oilseed cake flour composition, functional properties and antioxidant potential as effects of sieving and species differences. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112766"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butnaru, E., and Brebu, M. (2022). The thermochemical conversion of forestry residues from silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) by torrefaction and pyrolysis. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15103483"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s43153-020-00023-z","article-title":"Non-isothermal kinetic study of fodder radish seed cake pyrolysis: Performance of model-free and model-fitting methods","volume":"37","author":"Junges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112689","article-title":"Fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed cake as a feedstock for pyrolysis","volume":"154","author":"Silvestre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(99)00272-5","article-title":"A thermal analysis study of long chain fatty acids","volume":"340\u2013341","author":"Shen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2013.05.027","article-title":"Pyrolysis of extractive rich agroindustrial residues","volume":"104","author":"Melzera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.03.014","article-title":"Valorization of raspberry seed cake by flash and slow pyrolysis: Product yield and characterization of the liquid and solid fraction","volume":"107","author":"Smets","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.080","article-title":"Comparison between physical properties and chemical composition of bio-oils derived from lignocellulose and triglyceride sources","volume":"50","author":"Stedile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.10.077","article-title":"A comprehensive study on pyrolysis kinetics of microalgal biomass","volume":"131","author":"Bach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.297","article-title":"Thermal characteristics and kinetic calculation of castor oil pyrolysis","volume":"205","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.12.057","article-title":"Effect of anaerobic digestion on sequential pyrolysis kinetics of organic solid wastes using thermogravimetric analysis and distributed activation energy model","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2018.08.031","article-title":"Comparative investigation between co-pyrolysis characteristics of protein and carbohydrate by TG-FTIR and Py-GC\/MS","volume":"135","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-014-3884-2","article-title":"Pyrolysis kinetics of elephant grass pretreated biomasses","volume":"117","author":"Braga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.01.024","article-title":"Catalytic pyrolysis of amino acids: Comparison of aliphatic amino acid and cyclic amino acid","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-006-0160-y","article-title":"Co-processing of DVDs and CDs with vegetable cooking oil by thermal degradation","volume":"9","author":"Mitan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(01)00131-4","article-title":"A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels","volume":"81","author":"Channiwala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1246\/nikkashi.1975.192","article-title":"Thermal degradation of polypropylene","volume":"1975","author":"Murata","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nippon Kagaku Kaishi"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b01488","article-title":"Valorization through thermochemical conversion: Comparison of hardwood, softwood and herbaceous lignin","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"489","article-title":"Thermal valorisation of biomass and of synthetic polymer waste. Upgrading of pyrolysis oils","volume":"40","author":"Vasile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.04.040","article-title":"Characterization of products from the pyrolysis of rapeseed oil cake","volume":"99","author":"Ucar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6609","DOI":"10.3390\/md13116609","article-title":"Bioactive hydantoin alkaloids from the red sea marine sponge Hemimycale arabica","volume":"13","author":"Youssef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00527","article-title":"Thiohydantoin and hydantoin derivatives from the roots of Armoracia rusticana and their neurotrophic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"412","article-title":"In vitro virulence of eight fungicides to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of walnut anthracnose","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(00)00072-3","article-title":"Pyrolysis of poly-glycine and poly-l-alanine: Analysis of less-volatile products by gas chromatography\/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy\/mass spectrometry","volume":"55","author":"Basiuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moldoveanu, S.C. (2019). Pyrolysis of amino acids and small peptides. Pyrolysis of Organic Molecules, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64000-0.00013-5"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"29","article-title":"Hydantoin","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Hugh","year":"1911","journal-title":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(94)00650-4","article-title":"Separation and determination of allantoin, uric acid, hydantoin and urea","volume":"684","author":"Terzuoli","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/20\/2872\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:11:24Z","timestamp":1760112684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/20\/2872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16202872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16202872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]}}}