{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:59:30Z","timestamp":1788325170805,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Operational Program of the Algarve (PO Algarve)","award":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-030619 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030619\u2014PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/30619\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-030619 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030619\u2014PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/30619\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of the Algarve (PO Algarve)","award":["CEECIND\/01014\/2018\/CP1540\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01014\/2018\/CP1540\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of the Algarve (PO Algarve)","award":["2021.00399.CEECIND\/CP1656\/CT0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00399.CEECIND\/CP1656\/CT0025"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of the Algarve (PO Algarve)","award":["2020.07638.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07638.BD"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of the Algarve (PO Algarve)","award":["UIDP\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00313\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-030619 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030619\u2014PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/30619\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-030619 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030619\u2014PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/30619\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["CEECIND\/01014\/2018\/CP1540\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01014\/2018\/CP1540\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2021.00399.CEECIND\/CP1656\/CT0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00399.CEECIND\/CP1656\/CT0025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2020.07638.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07638.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00313\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-030619 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030619\u2014PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/30619\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0145-FEDER-030619 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030619\u2014PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/30619\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/01014\/2018\/CP1540\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01014\/2018\/CP1540\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2021.00399.CEECIND\/CP1656\/CT0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00399.CEECIND\/CP1656\/CT0025"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2020.07638.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07638.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00313\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, populations face issues related to water and energy consumption. Water scarcity has intensified globally, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Projections indicate that by 2030, global water demand will rise by 50%, leading to critical shortages, further intensified by the impacts of climate change. Moreover, wastewater treatment needs further development, given the presence of persistent organic pollutants, such as dyes and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the continuous increase in energy demand and rising prices directly impact households and businesses, highlighting the importance of energy savings through effective building insulation. In this regard, tannin-furanic foams are recognized as promising sustainable foams due to their fire resistance, low thermal conductivity, and high water and chemical stability. In this study, tannin and lignin rigid foams were explored not only for their traditional applications but also as versatile materials suitable for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, a systematic approach demonstrates the complete replacement of the tannin-furan foam phenol source with two lignins that mainly differ in molecular weight and pH, as well as how these parameters affect the rigid foam structure and methylene blue (MB) removal capacity. Alkali-lignin-based foams exhibited notable MB adsorption capacity (220 mg g\u22121), with kinetic and equilibrium data analysis suggesting a multilayer adsorption process. The prepared foams demonstrated the ability to be recycled for at least five adsorption-desorption cycles and exhibited effective flame retardant properties. When exposed to a butane flame for 5 min, the foams did not release smoke or ignite, nor did they contribute to flame propagation, with the red glow dissipating only 20 s after flame exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T07:18:42Z","timestamp":1732691922000},"page":"3315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lignin-Furanic Rigid Foams: Enhanced Methylene Blue Removal Capacity, Recyclability, and Flame Retardancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2013Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Br\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2013Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Mokhtar Saoudi","family":"Hassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Electrochemistry, Modelling, and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Dhar Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Alia\u00f1o-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2013Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Department, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0625-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, P\u00f3lo II\u2013R. Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, P\u00f3lo II\u2013R. Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4612-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur J. 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