{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:58:12Z","timestamp":1788292692280,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UKM","award":["FF-2022-272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2022-272"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UKM","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/7"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)","award":["FF-2022-272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2022-272"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal packing is a critical procedure in postoperative care and trauma management aimed at controlling bleeding, providing structural support, and promoting tissue healing. However, conventional nasal packs often lead to discomfort, infection risks, and secondary tissue damage. To address these challenges, this study explores the potential use of biodegradable and biocompatible gelatin\u2013carrageenan composite scaffolds as an alternative nasal packing material. Five compositions of gelatin\u2013carrageenan scaffolds (ratios 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) were fabricated and evaluated for physicochemical properties, hemocompatibility, and cytocompatibility. Results suggest that balanced ratios, such as 7:3 and 5:5, may provide a combination of structural integrity, improved biocompatibility, and controlled degradation, making them a potential candidate for nasal packing applications. The scaffolds exhibited low cytotoxicity and reasonable blood compatibility, which could reduce the risks associated with conventional materials. While these findings are promising, further in vivo studies are necessary to validate the efficacy and safety of these scaffolds in clinical settings. If proven effective, gelatin\u2013carrageenan scaffolds may help address some of the limitations of conventional nasal packing materials and improve postoperative care outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1733146444000},"page":"3387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biodegradable Gelatin\u2013Carrageenan Sponges: High-Potential Functional Nasal Packs for Efficient Secretome Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2712-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabiatul Adawiyah","family":"Razali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Innovation Research Centre (MIRC), Shiga University of Medical Science, 520-2192 Otsu, Shiga, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0303-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fairuz Izan","family":"Muhammad Firdaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6449-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mh Busra","family":"Fauzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0636-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadhratun Naiim","family":"Mobarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saim","family":"Aminuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, KPJ Healthcare University, Kota Seriemas, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9548-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogeswaran","family":"Lokanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Advance Bioactive Materials-Cells UKM Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811410660","article-title":"The Effect of Prilocaine or Levobupivacaine Infiltration on Pain During Nasal Packing Removal","volume":"145","author":"Apuhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3126\/jcmsn.v15i2.22629","article-title":"Effect of 2% Lignocaine Solution in Pain During Removal of Nasal Pack","volume":"15","author":"Dhakal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coll. Med. Sci. Nepal"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.51985\/JBUMDC2018070","article-title":"Evaluation of Anxiety During Nasal Pack Removal in Patients Operated Under Local Versus General Anesthesia","volume":"8","author":"Hydri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bahria Univ. Med. Dent. Coll."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijceo.2023.042","article-title":"Evaluation of Effect of Absorbable Gelatin Sponge (Gel Foam) Nasal Packing in External Dacrocystorhinostomy","volume":"9","author":"Sultanpur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.C., and Hsiao, H.T. (2017). Nasal Packing after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Paranasal Sinuses, Intech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.68993"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1842-1","article-title":"Nasal septal packing: Which one?","volume":"269","author":"Edizer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4047","article-title":"Effect of aerosolized fibrin sealant on hemostasis and wound healing after endoscopic sinus surgery: A prospective randomized study","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/sinusitis1010003","article-title":"Effect of a chitosan-based biodegradable middle meatal dressing after endoscopic sinus surgery: A prospective randomized comparative study","volume":"1","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sinusitis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12505","article-title":"Comparison of calcium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose for nasal packing after endoscopic sinus surgery: A prospective, randomised, controlled single-blinded trial","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razali, R.A., Vijakumaran, U., Fauzi, M.B., and Lokanathan, Y. (2023). Maximizing Postoperative Recovery: The Role of Functional Biomaterials as Nasal Packs-A Comprehensive Systematic Review without Meta-Analysis (SWiM). Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051534"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derkach, S.R., Kolotova, D.S., Kuchina, Y.A., and Shumskaya, N. (2022). Characterization of Fish Gelatin Obtained From Atlantic Cod Skin Using Enzymatic Treatment. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040751"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04074-0","article-title":"Optimization of Chicken Skin Gelatin Film Production with Different Glycerol Concentrations by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach","volume":"57","author":"Suderman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"244","article-title":"Pilot study comparing steroid-impregnated and non-steroid-impregnated absorbable nasal dressing following endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"73","author":"Sow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3264-3","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Cutanplast and Spongostan nasal packing after endoscopic sinus surgery: A prospective, randomized, multicenter study","volume":"272","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10013-1208","article-title":"A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Study Comparing the Efficacy of a Novel Biodegradable Synthetic Polyurethane Foam (Nasopore) vs. Standard Polyvinyl Acetate Sponge (Merocel) as Packing Material After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: The First Indian Experience","volume":"7","author":"Kameswaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rhinol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"8","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Biodegradable Nasopore Nasal Packing in Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery","volume":"1","author":"Goldie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol. Ent Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31663","article-title":"A Novel Gelatin Sponge for Accelerated Hemostasis","volume":"94","author":"Hajosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3833","article-title":"The Clinical Outcomes of New Hyaluronan Nasal Dressing: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2010.09.001","article-title":"The Effects of Vaseline Gauze Strip, Merocel, and Nasopore on the Formation of Synechiae and Excessive Granulation Tissue in the Middle Meatus and the Incidence of Major Postoperative Bleeding After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006313","article-title":"Gelatin Sponge Induced Maxillary Sinusitis After Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makarova, A.O., Derkach, S.R., \u041a\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0439\u0440o\u0432, \u0410.\u0418., Ziganshina, S.A., Kazantseva, M.A., \u0417\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u041e.\u0421., Gubaidullin, \u0410.\u0422., and Zuev, Y.F. (2022). Supramolecular Structure and Mechanical Performance of \u039a-Carrageenan\u2013Gelatin Gel. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14204347"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.106841","article-title":"Strong fish gelatin hydrogels enhanced by carrageenan and potassium sulfate","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2017.05.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of hemostatic gelatin sponge as a packing material after septoplasty: A prospective, randomized, multicenter study","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-108","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of an Antiviral Iota-Carrageenan Nasal Spray: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Exploratory Study in Volunteers with Early Symptoms of the Common Cold","volume":"11","author":"Eccles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-9-57","article-title":"Carrageenan Nasal Spray in Virus Confirmed Common Cold: Individual Patient Data Analysis of Two Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Koenighofer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibbrandt, A., Meier, C., K\u00f6nig-Schuster, M., Weinm\u00fcllner, R., Kalthoff, D., Pflugfelder, B., Graf, P., Frank-Gehrke, B., Beer, M., and Fazekas, T. (2010). Iota-Carrageenan Is a Potent Inhibitor of Influenza a Virus Infection. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014320"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, T.E., Moakes, R.J.A., and Grover, L.M. (2021). Low Acyl Gellan as an Excipient to Improve the Sprayability and Mucoadhesion of Iota Carrageenan in a Nasal Spray to Prevent Infection with SARS-CoV-2. Front. Med. Technol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2021.687681"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L750","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00552.2020","article-title":"Carrageenan-Containing Over-the-Counter Nasal and Oral Sprays Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Airway Epithelial Cultures","volume":"320","author":"Conzelmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ajp Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unger-Manhart, N. (2024). Demonstration of a Decongestant Effect of \u201cColdamaris Akut\u201d Compared to Saline Nasal Spray in Participants Suffering From Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.03.24306805"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez-Martin, J., Las Heras, K., Etxabide, A., Uranga, J., de la Caba, K., Guerrero, P., Igartua, M., Santos-Vizcaino, E., and Hernandez, R.M. (2022). Green hemostatic sponge-like scaffold composed of soy protein and chitin for the treatment of epistaxis. Mater. Today Bio, 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100273"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1233","article-title":"In vitro hemocompatibility evaluation of poly (4-hydroxybutyrate) scaffold","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 12: Sample Preparation and Reference Materials (Standard No. ISO 10993-12:2021)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-013-9956-y","article-title":"Formulation and in vitro evaluation of salbutamol sulphate in situ gelling nasal inserts","volume":"14","author":"Farid","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"182","article-title":"Airway Fibroblast Secretory Products Enhance Cell Migration","volume":"18","author":"Jaulin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/pajr.pajr_16_20","article-title":"Comparative study between absorbable and Non-Absorbable nasal packings after nasal surgeries","volume":"10","author":"Mohamady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Arab J. Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/2292550317694853","article-title":"Aesthetic Refinements in Forehead Flap Reconstruction of the Asian Nose","volume":"25","author":"Hsiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10960","article-title":"Mechanism and Kinetics of the Crosslinking Reaction Between Biopolymers Containing Primary Amine Groups and Genipin","volume":"41","author":"Butler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00235-1","article-title":"Stabilization of gelatin films by crosslinking with genipin","volume":"23","author":"Bigi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1039\/C2RA22859A","article-title":"Gelapin, a degradable genipin cross-linked gelatin hydrogel","volume":"3","author":"Kirchmajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gualandi, C., Torricelli, P., Panzavolta, S., Pagani, S., Focarete, M.L., and Bigi, A. (2016). An innovative co-axial system to electrospin in situ crosslinked gelatin nanofibers. Biomed. Mater., 11.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/2\/025007"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, X., Shi, J., Zhu, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Ma, D., Hou, Y., Lin, F., and Yang, J. (2016). A biomimetic silk fibroin\/sodium alginate composite scaffold for soft tissue engineering. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39477"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)01592-1","article-title":"Quantitation of \u03ba-, \u03b9- and \u03bb-carrageenans by mid-infrared spectroscopy and PLS regression","volume":"480","author":"Tojo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1021\/bm1015464","article-title":"Porosity and Pore Size Regulate the Degradation Product Profile of Polylactide","volume":"12","author":"Odelius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3031377","article-title":"Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier","volume":"3","author":"Makadia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"490","article-title":"Accelerated degradation of HAP\/PLLA bone scaffold by PGA blending facilitates bioactivity and osteoconductivity","volume":"6","author":"Shuai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4134","article-title":"Incorporation of nanohydroxyapatite and vitamin D3 into electrospun PCL\/Gelatin scaffolds: The influence on the physical and chemical properties and cell behavior for bone tissue engineering","volume":"29","author":"Sattary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.04.021","article-title":"A Review of Property Enhancement Techniques for Carrageenan-based Films and Coatings","volume":"216","author":"Sedayu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anis, A., Pal, K., and Al-Zahrani, S.M. (2021). Essential Oil-Containing Polysaccharide-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Food Security Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040575"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/md9020196","article-title":"Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae","volume":"9","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foglio Bonda, A., Candiani, A., Pertile, M., Giovannelli, L., and Segale, L. (2021). Shellac Gum\/Carrageenan Alginate-Based Core-Shell Systems Containing Peppermint Essential Oil Formulated by Mixture Design Approach. Gels, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7040162"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B139","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200980055","article-title":"Antheraea assama Silk Fibroin-Based Functional Scaffold with Enhanced Blood Compatibility for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"12","author":"Kasoju","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1804600304","article-title":"The effects of haemodilution with gelatin solution on coagulation the effects of haemodilution with succinylated gelatin solution on coagulation in vitro as assessed by thromboelastometry and impedance (multiple electrode) aggregometry","volume":"46","author":"Kam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"231","article-title":"Advances in haemostatic sponges: Characteristics and the underlying mechanisms for rapid haemostasis","volume":"27","author":"Nepal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100918","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100918","article-title":"Conjugate Electrospun 3D Gelatin Nanofiber Sponge for Rapid Hemostasis","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Health Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiti, S., and Kumari, L. (2016). Smart nanopolysaccharides for the delivery of bioactives. Nanoarchitectonics for Smart Delivery and Drug Targeting, William Andrew\/Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-47347-7.00003-3"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.10.062","article-title":"Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae","volume":"84","author":"Wijesekara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01724","article-title":"Design of carrageenan-based heparin-mimetic gel beads as self-anticoagulant hemoperfusion adsorbents","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtari, H., Tavakoli, S., Safarpour, F., Kharaziha, M., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ramakrishna, S., and Berto, F. (2021). Recent advances in chemically-modified and hybrid carrageenan-based platforms for drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111744"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.01.020","article-title":"Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis\u2013A review","volume":"77","author":"Campo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Quito, E.-M., Ruiz-Caro, R., and Veiga, M.-D. (2020). Carrageenan: Drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18110583"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna-V\u00e1zquez-G\u00f3mez, R., Arellano-Garc\u00eda, M.E., Garc\u00eda-Ramos, J.C., Radilla-Ch\u00e1vez, P., Salas-Vargas, D.S., Casillas-Figueroa, F., Ruiz-Ruiz, B., Bogdanchikova, N., and Pestryakov, A. (2021). Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes by Argovit\u2122 AgNPs from Healthy and Diabetic Donors: An In Vitro Study. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112792"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.039","article-title":"Gelatin carrageenan sericin hydrogel composites improves cell viability of cryopreserved SaOS-2 cells","volume":"154","author":"Ashe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-023-04922-2","article-title":"Preliminary in vitro hemocompatibility assessment of biopolymeric hydrogels for versatile biomedical applications","volume":"81","author":"Sethi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911516668667","article-title":"Macromolecular Interactions in Alginate\u2013gelatin Hydrogels Regulate the Behavior of Human Fibroblasts","volume":"32","author":"Sarker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u041do\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043ao, \u041c.\u0410., Moysenovich, A.M., Z\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0420.\u0412., Arkhipova, A.Y., \u0416\u0434\u0430\u043do\u0432\u0430, \u0410.\u0421., \u0410\u0433\u0430\u043fo\u0432, \u0418.\u0418., Vasilieva, T.V., \u0411o\u0433\u0443\u0448, \u0412.\u0413., \u0414\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0431o\u0432, \u0412.\u0413., and Nedospasov, S.A. (2018). Novel Biodegradable Polymeric Microparticles Facilitate Scarless Wound Healing by Promoting Re-Epithelialization and Inhibiting Fibrosis. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02851"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2017-9-3-89-93","article-title":"Induction of ICAM-1 Expression in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts Cultured on Fibroin-Gelatin Scaffolds","volume":"9","author":"Nosenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.03.049","article-title":"Thiol\u2013ene-Based Biological\/Synthetic Hybrid Biomatrix for 3-D Living Cell Culture","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98545","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA23386D","article-title":"Cyclic \u03b2-(1\u21923)(1\u21926) glucan\/carrageenan hydrogels for wound healing applications","volume":"6","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19980901)33:1<41::AID-CYTO5>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Fluorescence-Imaging Assay for Cytotoxic Plaque Formation and for Growth Toward Confluency of Adherent Cells","volume":"33","author":"Gericke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0608-7","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Is Influenced by Cell Density and Culture Format","volume":"85","author":"Heng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.08.065","article-title":"Influence of a Three-Dimensional, Microarray Environment on Human Cell Culture in Drug Screening Systems","volume":"33","author":"Meli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2023.8562","article-title":"Combination of PARP and WEE1 Inhibitors In vitro: Potential for Use in the Treatment of SHH Medulloblastoma","volume":"49","author":"Lukoseviciute","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910500502","article-title":"Confluence-dependent Resistance in Human Colon Cancer Cells: Role of Reduced Drug Accumulation and Low Intrinsic Chemosensitivity of Resting Cells","volume":"50","author":"Pelletier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebar, A., Koller, C., Seifert, J.M., Chabicovsky, M., Bodenteich, A., Bernkop-Schn\u00fcrch, A., Grassauer, A., and Prieschl-Grassauer, E. (2015). Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Intranasal Iota-Carrageenan. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122911"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safarpour, F., Kharaziha, M., Mokhtari, H., Emadi, R., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., and Ramakrishna, S. (2023). Kappa-Carrageenan Based Hybrid Hydrogel for Soft Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomed. Mater., 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ace0ec"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-124","article-title":"Efficacy of a Carrageenan Nasal Spray in Patients with Common Cold: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Ludwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201000388","article-title":"Advances in mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers","volume":"11","author":"Khutoryanskiy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.3390\/md13095976","article-title":"Chitosan and Kappa-Carrageenan Vaginal Acyclovir Formulations for Prevention of Genital Herpes. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Bermejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yermak, I.M., Volod\u2019ko, A.V., Khasina, E.I., Davydova, V.N., Chusovitin, E.A., Goroshko, D.L., Kravchenko, A.O., Solov\u2019eva, T.F., and Maleev, V.V. (2020). Inhibitory Effects of Carrageenans on Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18050248"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2011.02.007","article-title":"Functional and bioactive properties of collagen and gelatin from alternative sources: A review","volume":"25","author":"Montero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joy, R., Vigneshkumar, P.N., John, F., and George, J. (2021). Hydrogels Based on Carrageenan, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821649-1.00003-9"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.08.049","article-title":"Gelatin\u2013carrageenan hydrogels: Role of pore size distribution on drug delivery process","volume":"113","author":"Varghese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/23\/3387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:43:28Z","timestamp":1760114608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/23\/3387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16233387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16233387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]}}}