{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:46:16Z","timestamp":1790214376289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["113-2221-E-027-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2221-E-027-015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) particles have been applied as dermal fillers for soft-tissue augmentation because they can induce foreign-body reactions, resulting in fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation. Although PLLA and PDLLA fillers are safe and biocompatible, clinical complications such as nodules and granulomas have been reported, possibly due to incomplete reconstitution. PDLLA particles were prepared via emulsification in this study, and three stirring speeds were investigated when adding PDLLA into carboxymethyl cellulose solution. The particle size, molecular weight of PDLLA, optical rotation, pH value, osmotic pressure, and reconstitution time were analyzed. A rabbit dorsal ear model was established to evaluate the soft-tissue augmentation of a commercial PDLLA filler. The results demonstrated that the stirring speed affected the particle size, but not other physical\u2013chemical properties of the PDLLA particles. All the PDLLA particles were reconstituted in less than 7 min, which is faster than the process for the other commercial PDLLA dermal filler products. In addition, the PDLLA particles could induce inflammation and fibroblast proliferation. Although the PDLLA particles generated in this study have not yet been investigated in vivo, the results demonstrated here suggest their potential for application as dermal fillers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1733146444000},"page":"3395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigating the Relationship Between the Emulsification Parameters and Physical\u2013Chemical Properties of Poly(D,L-lactic acid) Particles for Dermal Fillers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chen-Ying","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"High-Value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0558-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Cheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"High-Value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Rong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"High-Value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-8434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsu-Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"High-Value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000234900.26676.0b","article-title":"An overview of permanent and semipermanent fillers","volume":"118","author":"Broder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedush, N.G., Kalinin, K.T., Azarkevich, P.N., and Gorskaya, A.A. (2023). Physicochemical characteristics and hydrolytic degradation of polylactic acid dermal fillers: A comparative study. 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