{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:50:11Z","timestamp":1790272211352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["NPOO.C3.2.R3-Il.04.0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPOO.C3.2.R3-Il.04.0059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The environmental impact of plastic waste is a growing global challenge, primarily due to non-biodegradable plastics from fossil resources that accumulate in ecosystems. Biodegradable polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) offer a sustainable alternative. PHAs are microbial biopolymers produced by microorganisms using renewable substrates, including agro-industrial byproducts, making them eco-friendly and cost-effective. This study focused on the isolation and characterization of PHA-producing microorganisms from agro-industrial waste, including chickpeas, chickpeas with bean residues, and starch. Screening via Sudan Black staining identified PHA-accumulating strains such as Brevibacillus sp., Micrococcus spp., and Candida krusei, among others. To assess the potential for PHA biosynthesis, solid-state fermentation (SSF) was conducted using agro-industrial waste as substrates, along with a mixed culture of the isolated microorganisms. The highest observed yield was a PHA accumulation of 13.81%, achieved with chickpeas containing bean residues. Structural and thermal characterization of the PHAs was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR-ATR spectra indicated polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), suggesting it as the synthesized PHA type. This study highlights the potential of agro-industrial waste for sustainable PHA production and eco-friendly bioplastics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T11:48:56Z","timestamp":1733226536000},"page":"3407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Producing and Characterizing Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Starch and Chickpea Waste Using Mixed Microbial Cultures in Solid-State Fermentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Karlo","family":"Grgurevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Bramberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Milolo\u017ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kre\u0161imir","family":"Stubli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aqua V.M.V. d.o.o., Kralja Zvonimira 98, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Oceli\u0107 Bulatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmina","family":"Ranilovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Podravka Inc., Ante Star\u010devi\u0107a 32, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6567-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160ime","family":"Uki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Bolan\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matija","family":"Cvetni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9648-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinko","family":"Marki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8427-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dajana","family":"Ku\u010di\u0107 Grgi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(02)00212-2","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An overview","volume":"87","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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