{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:15:57Z","timestamp":1791728157210,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to develop a thermosensitive mucoadhesive (MA) in situ nasal gel for sumatriptan. A 3D response surface methodology (Design of Expert version 11) was employed to formulate nine different formulations. The Pluronic F-127 concentration (X1) and chitosan concentration (X2) were selected as independent factors. The formulas were studied in terms of pH, clarity, drug content, gelation temperature, gelation time, gel strength, MA strength, viscosity, % release after 5 h, and release kinetics. The optimized formulas were studied for % permeated after 5 h and stability in addition to previous tests. The study of the stability of the optimized formula was performed under accelerated conditions (40 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C, 75 \u00b1 5% RH) for 3 months. The outcomes of the optimized formula were a clear gel with a gelation temperature of 33 \u00b0C and a reasonable gelation time of less than one minute, and the release and permeation during 5 h were 40% and 50%, respectively. The formulated gel decreased the mucociliary clearance (MCC) and thus increased the retention time in the nasal cavity, resulting in enhancing SMT absorption, which could improve the drug efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1733391018000},"page":"3422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["In Situ Thermosensitive Mucoadhesive Nasal Gel Containing Sumatriptan: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aseel","family":"Alshraim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Alshora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1718-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Ashri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlam","family":"Alhusaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisreen M.","family":"Safwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01755-1","article-title":"Prevalence and comorbidity of migraine headache: Results from the Singapore Mental Health Study 2016","volume":"55","author":"Jeyagurunathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. 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