{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:55:58Z","timestamp":1783400158765,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Collagen, a natural polymer, is widely used in the fabrication of membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR). These membranes are sourced from various tissues, such as skin, pericardium, peritoneum, and tendons, which exhibit differences in regenerative outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the morphological and chemical properties of porcine collagen membranes from five different tissue sources: skin, pericardium, dermis, tendons, and peritoneum. (2) Methods: The membrane structure was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal stability via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The absorption capacity of the membranes for GBR was also assessed using an analytical digital balance. (3) Results: The membranes displayed distinct microstructural features. Skin- and tendon-derived membranes had rough surfaces with nanopores (1.44 \u00b1 1.24 \u00b5m and 0.46 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5m, respectively), while pericardium- and dermis-derived membranes exhibited rough surfaces with macropores (78.90 \u00b1 75.89 \u00b5m and 64.89 \u00b1 13.15 \u00b5m, respectively). The peritoneum-derived membrane featured a rough surface of compact longitudinal fibers with irregular macropores (9.02 \u00b1 3.70 \u00b5m). The thickness varied significantly among the membranes, showing differences in absorption capacity. The pericardium membrane exhibited the highest absorption, increasing by more than 10 times its initial mass. In contrast, the skin-derived membrane demonstrated the lowest absorption, increasing by less than 4 times its initial mass. Chemical analysis revealed that all membranes were primarily composed of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed no significant compositional differences among the membranes. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of collagen, with characteristic peaks corresponding to Amide A, B, I, II, and III. (4) Conclusions: The tissue origin of collagen membranes significantly influences their morphological characteristics, which may, in turn, affect their osteogenic properties. These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of collagen membranes for GBR applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16243499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"3499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tissue Sources Influence the Morphological and Morphometric Characteristics of Collagen Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Josefa","family":"Alarc\u00f3n-Apablaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Research Center in Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Godoy-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Jarpa-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and Polymers Research Laboratory, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Garrido-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.04.053","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of barrier membranes for bone regeneration","volume":"97","author":"Delgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.14402\/jkamprs.2014.36.6.239","article-title":"Membranes for the guided bone regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601408010056","article-title":"Mechanisms of guided bone regeneration: A review","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/4\/045012","article-title":"Biocompatibility, resorption and biofunctionality of a new synthetic biodegradable membrane for guided bone regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Hoornaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Fan, L., Alkildani, S., Liu, L., Emmert, S., Najman, S., Rimashevskiy, D., Schnettler, R., Jung, O., and Xiong, X. (2022). Barrier Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR): A focus on recent advances in collagen membranes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314987"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2020.46.5.361","article-title":"Guided bone regeneration","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13123","article-title":"Biomaterials and regenerative technologies used in bone regeneration in the craniomaxillofacial region: Consensus report of group 2 of the 15th European Workshop on Periodontology on Bone Regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13068","article-title":"Barrier membranes: More than the barrier effect?","volume":"21","author":"Omar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12364","article-title":"Guided bone regeneration: Materials and biological mechanisms revisited","volume":"125","author":"Elgali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00543.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors for alveolar regeneration: Effect of tissue occlusion on alveolar bone regeneration with guided tissue regeneration","volume":"31","author":"Polimeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12530","article-title":"Degradation pattern of a porcine collagen membrane in an in vivo model of guided bone regeneration","volume":"53","author":"Calciolari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837858","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.837858","article-title":"Fabrication of Guided Tissue Regeneration Membrane Using Lignin-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles in Biopolymer Matrix for Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"10","author":"Bilal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, Y.-Y., and Oh, J.-H. (2018). New Resorbable Membrane materials for guided bone regeneration. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112157"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Wang, S., Shi, B., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Lee, E.-S., and Jiang, H.-B. (2022). Advances in modification methods based on biodegradable membranes in guided bone\/tissue regeneration: A review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050871"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sbricoli, L., Guazzo, R., Annunziata, M., Gobbato, L., Bressan, E., and Nastri, L. (2020). Selection of collagen membranes for bone regeneration: A literature review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030786"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1993.64.11s.1157","article-title":"Guided tissue regeneration using bioresorbable and non-resorbable devices: Initial healing and long-term results","volume":"64","author":"Gottlow","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"363","article-title":"Postoperative healing complications associated with Gore-Tex Periodontal Material. Part I. Incidence and characterization","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12502","article-title":"Membrane barriers for guided bone regeneration: An overview of available biomaterials","volume":"93","author":"Mizraji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21876-z","article-title":"Characterization of collagen response to bone fracture healing using polarization-SHG","volume":"12","author":"Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davison-Kotler, E., Marshall, W.S., and Garc\u00eda-Gareta, E. (2019). Sources of Collagen for Biomaterials in Skin Wound Healing. Bioengineering, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6030056"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amirrah, I.N., Lokanathan, Y., Zulkiflee, I., Wee, M.F.M.R., Motta, A., and Fauzi, M.B. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Collagen Type I Development of Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: From Biosynthesis to Bioscaffold. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092307"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.11.003","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of highly purified collagen from bovine pericardium for potential bioengineering applications","volume":"33","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.48.3.274","article-title":"Production of collagen type I by mouse peritoneal macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Vaage","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Shi, Y., Tian, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Guo, H., Banitaba, S.N., Khademolqorani, S., and Li, J. (2023). The Collagen-Based Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration: A Journey through Electrospun Composites Integrated with Organic and Inorganic Additives. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11072105"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L., Ren, Y., Emmert, S., Vu\u010dkovi\u0107, I., Stojanovic, S., Najman, S., Schnettler, R., Barbeck, M., Schenke-Layland, K., and Xiong, X. (2023). The Use of Collagen-Based Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043744"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-81","article-title":"The role of barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration and restoration of large bone defects: Current experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"10","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000707","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000707","article-title":"Membranes for guided bone regeneration: A road from bench to bedside","volume":"9","author":"Aprile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00008505-200207000-00014","article-title":"Collagen: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Patino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1563\/1548-1336(2002)028<0220:CAAIMI>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Collagen as an implantable material in medicine and dentistry","volume":"28","author":"Patino","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radenkovi\u0107, M., Alkildani, S., Stoewe, I., Bielenstein, J., Sundag, B., Bellmann, O., Jung, O., Najman, S., Stojanovi\u0107, S., and Barbeck, M. (2021). Comparative In Vivo Analysis of the Integration Behavior and Immune Response of Collagen-Based Dental Barrier Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR). Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11090712"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.03.039","article-title":"Feasibility study of collagen membranes derived from bovine pericardium and intestinal serosa for the repair of cranial defects in ovariectomised rats","volume":"46","author":"Hirata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03223-4","article-title":"Physical, mechanical, and biological properties of collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration: A comparative in vitro study","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c00730","article-title":"Collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, C.B.N., Ramakrishnan, T., Devadoss, P., Vijayalakshmi, R., Alzahrani, K.J., Almasri, M.A., Al-Ahmari, M.M., Al Dira, H.S., Suhluli, M., and Bhati, A.K. (2021). Use of collagen membrane in the treatment of periodontal defects distal to mandibular second molars following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars: A comparative clinical study. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121348"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"a004978","article-title":"The collagen family","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Mitulovi\u0107, G., Panahipour, L., and Gruber, R. (2020). Proteomic analysis of porcine-derived collagen membrane and matrix. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225187"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/496174","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical induced structural changes of collagen","volume":"21","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jart.2016.01.001","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization of collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Fourier transform ir spectroscopy of collagen and gelatin solutions: Deconvolution of the amide I band for conformational studies","volume":"27","author":"Payne","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biopol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1021\/cb200260d","article-title":"Anisotropy of chemical bonds in collagen molecules studied by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109959","article-title":"Fabrication of collagen membranes with different intrafibrillar mineralization degree as a potential use for GBR","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia-Llano, C.H., L\u00f3pez-Tenorio, D., and Grande-Tovar, C.D. (2022). Biocompatibility Assessment of Two Commercial Bone Xenografts by In Vitro and In Vivo Methods. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132672"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naomi, R., Ridzuan, P.M., and Bahari, H. (2021). Current insights into collagen type I. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162642"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0647-0","article-title":"Processing of collagen based biomaterials and the resulting materials properties","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000017","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000017","article-title":"Sub- and supramolecular x-ray characterization of engineered tissues from equine tendon, bovine dermis, and fish skin type-I collagen","volume":"20","author":"Terzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2020.153","article-title":"Skin collagen through the lifestages: Importance for skin health and beauty","volume":"8","author":"Reilly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthetic Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratiu, C., Brocks, M., Costea, T., Moldovan, L., and Cavalu, S. (2019). PRGF-modified collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration: Spectroscopic, microscopic and nano-mechanical investigations. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9051035"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2007.92","article-title":"Collagen structure of tendon relates to function","volume":"7","author":"Franchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090592","article-title":"Superficial topography and porosity of an absorbable barrier membrane impacts soft tissue response in guided bone regeneration","volume":"81","author":"Francischone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.11.022","article-title":"Barrier membranes used for ridge augmentation: Is there an optimal pore size?","volume":"67","author":"Gutta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1163\/156856206778937253","article-title":"Asymmetrically porous PLGA\/Pluronic F127 membrane for effective guided bone regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Michael, H.R., Edward, J.R., and Lynn, J.R. (1989). Histology: A Text and Atlas, 2nd edi., Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e477","article-title":"On the search of the ideal barrier membrane for guided bone regeneration","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12789","article-title":"Collagen barrier membranes adsorb growth factors liberated from autogenous bone chips","volume":"28","author":"Sawada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16024-x","article-title":"Influence of stage cooling method on pore architecture of biomimetic alginate scaffolds","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"129","article-title":"The development of collagen based composite scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.07.040","article-title":"Molecular basis of cell-biomaterial interaction: Insights gained from transcriptomic and proteomic studies","volume":"27","author":"Gallagher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP1212076B","article-title":"The impact of thickness of resorbable membrane of human origin on the ossification of bone defects: A pathohistologic study","volume":"69","author":"Bubalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/24\/3499\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:52:58Z","timestamp":1760115178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/16\/24\/3499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym16243499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16243499","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}