{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:13:20Z","timestamp":1791825200551,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioplastics are emerging as a promising solution to reduce pollution caused by petroleum-based plastics. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) stand out as viable biotechnological alternatives, though their commercialization is limited by expensive downstream processes. Traditional PHA extraction methods often involve toxic solvents and high energy consumption, underscoring the need for more sustainable approaches. This study evaluated physical and chemical methods to extract PHAs from Pseudomonas putida U, a bacterium known to produce poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate P(3HO). Lyophilized cells underwent six extraction methods, including the use of the following: boiling, sonication, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and chloroform. Physical methods such as boiling and sonication achieved yields of 70% and 60%, respectively, but P(3HO) recovery remained low (30\u201340%). NaClO extraction provided higher yields (80%) but resulted in significant impurities (70%). NaOH methods offered moderate yields (50\u201380%), with P(3HO) purities between 50% and 70%, depending on the conditions. Spectroscopic and analytical techniques (FTIR, TGA, NMR, GPC) identified 0.05 M NaOH at 60 \u00b0C as the optimal extraction condition, delivering high P(3HO) purity while minimizing environmental impact. This positions NaOH as a sustainable alternative to traditional halogenated solvents, paving the way for more eco-friendly PHA production processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17020150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T05:17:08Z","timestamp":1736399828000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Effectiveness of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Extraction Methods in Gram-Negative Pseudomonas putida U"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Getino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IES Los Sauces\u2014Avda Federico Silva, 48, Benavente, 49600 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosad\u00eda, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2227-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, I4 Institute, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Ariza-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2315-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u00edas","family":"R. Olivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Gen\u00f3mica y Prote\u00f3mica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0563-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Chamizo-Ampudia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Gen\u00f3mica y Prote\u00f3mica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.10.008","article-title":"Waste to bioplastics: How close are we to sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoates production?","volume":"119","author":"Khatami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, December 09). 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