{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:54:11Z","timestamp":1778327651653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation and Digitalization within the Romanian Core program project","award":["PN 19 15 01 01\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN 19 15 01 01\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation and Digitalization within the Romanian Core program project","award":["30N\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30N\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite\/chitosan composite coatings produced by the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique were exposed to 5 MeV electron beams of 8 and 30 Gy radiation doses in a linear electron accelerator. The surfaces of unirradiated layers are smooth, while the irradiated ones exhibit nano-structures with sizes that increase from 60 nm at a 8 Gy dose to 200 nm at a 30 Gy dose. Young\u2019s modulus and the stiffness of the layers decrease from 58.9 GPa and 10 \u00b5N\/nm to 5 GPa and 2.2 \u00b5N\/nm, respectively, when the radiation doses are increased from 0 to 30 Gy. These data suggest the diminishing of the contribution of the chitosan to the elasticity of the magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite\/chitosan composite layers after electron beam irradiation. The biological capabilities of the coatings were assessed before and after their immersion in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium for 7 and 14 days, respectively, and further cultured with a MG63 cell line (ATCC CRL1427) in Dulbecco\u2019s Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, penicillin\u2013streptomycin, and L-glutamine. Thus, 1 \u00b5m spherical structures were developed on the surfaces of the layers exposed to a 30 Gy radiation dose and immersed for 14 days in the RPMI-1640 biological medium. The molecular structures of all the RPMI-1640 immersed samples were modified by the growth of a carbonated hydroxyapatite layer characterized by a B-type substitution, as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy revealed. The biological assay proved the increased biocompatibility of the layers kept in RPMI-1640 medium and enhanced MG63 cell attachment and proliferation. Atomic force microscopy analysis indicated the elongated fibroblastic cell morphology of MG63 cells with minor alteration at 30 Gy irradiation doses as a result of layer biocompatibility modifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17040533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T12:16:37Z","timestamp":1739880997000},"page":"533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation and RPMI Immersion on the Development of Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite\/Chitosan Composite Bioactive Layers for Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andreea","family":"Groza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E.","family":"Hurjui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasa A.","family":"Yehia-Alexe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2793-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornel","family":"Staicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9031-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coralia","family":"Bleotu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 060023 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Academy of Romanian Scientist, 050711 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona L.","family":"Iconaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen S.","family":"Ciobanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Ghegoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Mechanics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Predoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0149-3","article-title":"Bioactive Calcium Phosphate Materials and Applications in Bone Regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filip, D.G., Surdu, V.-A., Paduraru, A.V., and Andronescu, E. (2022). Current Development in Biomaterials\u2014Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass for Applications in Biomedical Field: A Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040248"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2017.07.025","article-title":"Carbonate Substitution in the Mineral Component of Bone: Discriminating the Structural Changes, Simultaneously Imposed by Carbonate in A and B Sites of Apatite","volume":"255","author":"Madupalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Antoniac, I.V. (2015). Cationic and Anionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite. Handbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceram.2021.100122","article-title":"Ionic Substituted Hydroxyapatite for Bone Regeneration Applications: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Ressler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Ceram."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083022","article-title":"Magnesium and Osteoporosis: Current State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions","volume":"5","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"164","article-title":"Chitosan Based Bioactive Materials in Tissue Engineering Applications-A Review","volume":"5","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.11.025","article-title":"Biomimetic Chitosan\u2013Nanohydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Misra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1039\/c4tb00027g","article-title":"Chitosan-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"2","author":"Levengood","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, C.-L., Deng, F.-S., Chuang, C.-Y., and Lin, C.-H. (2021). Antimicrobial Actions and Applications of Chitosan. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13060904"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.02.034","article-title":"Cell Culture Medium as an Alternative to Conventional Simulated Body Fluid","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-009-9200-5","article-title":"Effects of DMEM and RPMI 1640 on the Biological Behavior of Dog Periosteum-Derived Cells","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vl\u0103descu, A., P\u00e2r\u00e2u, A., Pan\u0103, I., Cotru\u021b, C.M., Constantin, L.R., Braic, V., and Vr\u00e2nceanu, D.M. (2019). In Vitro Activity Assays of Sputtered HAp Coatings with SiC Addition in Various Simulated Biological Fluids. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9060389"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C624","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00336.2016","article-title":"Is It Time to Reinvent Basic Cell Culture Medium?","volume":"312","author":"McKee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.04.049","article-title":"Relevance of the Colloidal Stability of Chitosan\/PLGA Nanoparticles on Their Cytotoxicity Profile","volume":"381","author":"Nafee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debela, D.T., Muzazu, S.G.Y., Heraro, K.D., Ndalama, M.T., Mesele, B.W., Haile, D.C., Kitui, S.K., and Manyazewal, T. (2021). New Approaches and Procedures for Cancer Treatment: Current Perspectives. SAGE Open Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211034366"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, December 05). Radiation Therapy to Trat Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/radiation-therapy\/brachytherapy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3635","article-title":"Cancer and Radiation Therapy: Current Advances and Future Directions","volume":"9","author":"Baskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2024.07.013","article-title":"Electron Radiation Therapy: Back to the Future?","volume":"28","author":"Renard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer\/Radioth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, December 05). External Beam Radiation Therapy for Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/radiation-therapy\/external-beam."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, F.A., Serrano, J., Cambeiro, M., Aristu, J., Asencio, J.M., Rubio, I., Delgado, J.M., Ferrer, C., Desco, M., and Pascau, J. (2022). Intra-Operative Electron Radiation Therapy: An Update of the Evidence Collected in 40 Years to Search for Models for Electron-FLASH Studies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153693"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(99)00097-3","article-title":"8-Gy single fraction radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic skeletal pain: Randomised comparison with a multifraction schedule over 12 months of patient follow-up on behalf of the bone pain trial working party","volume":"52","author":"Yarnold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.05.018","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial with two palliative radiotherapy regimens in painful bone metastases: 30Gy in 10 fractions compared with 8Gy in single fraction","volume":"89","author":"Arnalot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31060233","article-title":"Osteolytic Bone Metastasis: Different Radiotherapy Fractionation Schedules Compared Clinically and Radiographically","volume":"31","author":"Liakouli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bita, B., Stancu, E., Stroe, D., Dumitrache, M., Ciobanu, S.C., Iconaru, S.L., Predoi, D., and Groza, A. (2022). The Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Morphological and Physicochemical Properties of Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite\/Chitosan Composite Coatings. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030582"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Predoi, D., Ciobanu, S.C., Iconaru, S.L., and Predoi, M.V. (2023). Influence of the Biological Medium on the Properties of Magnesium Doped Hydroxyapatite Composite Coatings. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13020409"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimpeanu, C., Predoi, D., Ciobanu, C.S., Iconaru, S.L., Rokosz, K., Predoi, M.V., Raaen, S., and Badea, M.L. (2024). Development of Novel Biocomposites with Antimicrobial-Activity-Based Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite with Amoxicillin. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100963"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Predoi, D., Ciobanu, C.S., Iconaru, S.L., Predoi, S.A., Chifiriuc, M.C., Raaen, S., Badea, M.L., and Rokosz, K. (2022). Impact of Gamma Irradiation on the Properties of Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite in Chitosan Matrix. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155372"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, December 08). NCCN Guidelines Version 2.2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/head-and-neck.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iconaru, S.L., Predoi, D., Ciobanu, C.S., Motelica-Heino, M., Guegan, R., and Bleotu, C. (2022). Development of Silver Doped Hydroxyapatite Thin Films for Biomedical Applications. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12030341"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.11.032","article-title":"Time Sequence of Secondary Mineralization and Microhardness in Cortical and Cancellous Bone from Ewes","volume":"46","author":"Bala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"13","article-title":"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Borodajenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infrared Spectroscopy\u2014Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2025, February 07). Chemical Book, CAS DataBase List, D-Glucose(2280-44-6) IR1. Available online: https:\/\/www.chemicalbook.com\/SpectrumEN_2280-44-6_IR1.htm."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2025, February 07). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Infrared Spectrum of d-Glucose C6H12O6. Available online: https:\/\/www.docbrown.info\/page06\/spectra2\/d-glucose-ir.htm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146583","article-title":"Engineering Microstructure of Hydroxyapatite by Electron Beam Irradiation to Induce Controllable in Vitro Degradation","volume":"528","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25247","article-title":"The Effect of the Ionizing Radiation on Hydroxyapatite\u2013Polydimethylsiloxane Layers","volume":"59","author":"Groza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsecv.2023.12.001","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of B-Type Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Materials: Effect of Carbonate Content on Mechanical Strength and in Vitro Degradation","volume":"63","author":"Copete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Soc. Espa\u00f1ola Cer\u00e1mica Vidr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.06.009","article-title":"Processing of AB-Type Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Ca10\u2212x(PO4)6\u2212x(CO3)x(OH)2\u2212x\u22122y(CO3)y Ceramics with Controlled Composition","volume":"28","author":"Lafon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.11.045","article-title":"Ouzo Effect\u2014New Simple Nanoemulsion Method for Synthesis of Strontium Hydroxyapatite Nanospheres","volume":"36","author":"Prekajski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotrut, C.M., Blidisel, A., Vranceanu, D.M., Vladescu, A., Ungureanu, E., Pana, I., Dinu, M., Vitelaru, C., Parau, A.C., and Pruna, V. (2024). Evaluation of the In Vitro Behavior of Electrochemically Deposited Plate-like Crystal Hydroxyapatite Coatings. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9110704"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastero, L., Bruno, M., and Aquilano, D. (2017). About the Genetic Mechanisms of Apatites: A Survey on the Methodological Approaches. Minerals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/min7080139"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreghici, D.B., Butoi, B., Predoi, D., Iconaru, S.L., Stoican, O., and Groza, A. (2020). Chitosan\u2013Hydroxyapatite Composite Layers Generated in Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Discharge: From Plasma to Structural and Morphological Analysis of Layers. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12123065"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica-Heino, M., Predoi, M.V., Ciobanu, S.C., Iconaru, S.L., and Predoi, D. (2023). Studies of New Layer Formation on the Surface of Zinc Doped Hydroxyapatite\/Chitosan Composite Coatings in Biological Medium. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13020472"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, B.K., Sun, F., Ryu, S.C., Koh, K., Han, D.W., and Lee, J. (2009). Hydroxyapatite Coating on Damaged Tooth Surfaces by Immersion. Biomed. Mater., 4.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/4\/2\/025017"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111318","article-title":"Effect of Sprayed Techniques on the Surface Microstructure and in Vitro Behavior of Nano-HAp Coatings","volume":"117","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.11.078","article-title":"Bioactive Hydroxyapatite\/Graphene Composite Coating and Its Corrosion Stability in Simulated Body Fluid","volume":"624","author":"Tsui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43393-3","article-title":"Enhanced in Vitro Immersion Behavior and Antibacterial Activity of NiTi Orthopedic Biomaterial by HAp-Nb2O5 Composite Deposits","volume":"13","author":"Safavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.05.002","article-title":"Field Emission from the Surface of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite","volume":"395","author":"Sobola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kn\u00e1pek, A., Sobola, D., Burda, D., Da\u0148hel, A., Mousa, M., and Kola\u0159\u00edk, V. (2019). Polymer Graphite Pencil Lead as a Cheap Alternative for Classic Conductive SPM Probes. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121756"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Predoi, D., Ciobanu, C.S., Iconaru, S.L., Raaen, S., Badea, M.L., and Rokosz, K. (2022). Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Chitosan-Coated Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Composite Layers Obtained by Vacuum Deposition. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12050702"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iconaru, S.L., Ciobanu, C.S., Predoi, G., Rokosz, K., Chifiriuc, M.C., Bleotu, C., Stanciu, G., Hristu, R., Raaen, S., and Raita, S.M. (2022). Biological and Physico-Chemical Properties of Composite Layers Based on Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite in Chitosan Matrix. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13101574"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB00173G","article-title":"Enhancing in Vitro Biocompatibility and Corrosion Protection of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Films with Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite","volume":"2","author":"Barranco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/4\/533\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:37:17Z","timestamp":1760027837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/4\/533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17040533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17040533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}}}