{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:23:56Z","timestamp":1791332636513,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adhesive\u2013resin composite pair has been the cornerstone of direct restorations in dentistry for many years. Resin composites are traditionally classified in three ways based on their inorganic structure, their organic composition and their viscosity. While these classifications have long been associated with the optical, mechanical, and clinical properties of resin composites, recent studies indicate that this classification is not always valid. In recent years, a significant expansion of the range of clinical resin composite families has occurred, each with varying degrees of validation through in vitro and clinical studies. As a result, new resin composites with distinct structures, viscosities, and clinical indications have emerged. Despite this progress, a formal classification of the clinical features of all resin composites is still lacking, leading to terminological inconsistencies in research and potential confusion among clinicians. This brief review, supported by an exhaustive search of the dental literature, proposes a new clinical classification system for resin composites based on their key clinical features to help clinicians and researchers easily identify the key clinical characteristics of formulations. This modular classification, encompassing eight main families and 14 characteristics, is particularly suited to future developments, as current trends aim to simplify procedures by integrating multiple formulations into single products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17050564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1740049417000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Proposal of a Modular Classification System for Direct Dental Resin Composites Based on Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Francois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Izart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Fasham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Charles Foix Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Smail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Jannot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Le Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fleur","family":"Beres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9834-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Troizier-Cheyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5698-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Moussally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Abdel-Gawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7704-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Henri Mondor Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Ceinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur University, 5 rue 22\u00e8me BCA, 06300 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Caussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Bretonneau Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Attal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Surgery, UMR-1333 Oral Health, Paris-Cit\u00e9 University, Charles Foix Hospital, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferracane, J.L. 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