{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:14:21Z","timestamp":1785179661592,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22468006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22468006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJA120200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJA120200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22468006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22468006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJA120200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJA120200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a carbon-neutral and renewable raw material, cellulose can be transformed into biomass fuels to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions. In view of harsh reaction conditions, low selectivity of product, and easy deactivation of the catalyst, this study studied the use of photothermal catalytic technology to convert cellulose into bio-oil rich in levulinic acid. It was discovered that a synergistic effect between heating and photocatalysis is present in cellulose degradation. Different metals were loaded on carbon nanotubes doped with titanium dioxide to prepare different photothermal catalysts, and their catalytic effects on cellulose were compared. It was found that TiO2-CNT loaded with platinum metal exhibited the highest catalytic performance. By adopting Pt\/TiO2-CNT as the catalyst, the conversion rate of bio-oil reached 99.44%, and the selectivity of LA reached 44.41% at 220 \u00b0C for 3 h. As the photothermal catalysis increased the H\/C ratio and decreased the O\/C ratio of the liquid product, the calorific value reached 21.01 MJ\/kg. This study can promote the further industrial application of lignocellulose to prepare fuel oil and decrease the environmental pollution caused by the massive consumption of fossil fuels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T12:18:52Z","timestamp":1742905132000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Photothermal Catalysis of Cellulose to Prepare Levulinic Acid-Rich Bio-Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bolun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaina","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1348-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b03790","article-title":"Sustainable Productions of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives from Biomass via Selective Oxidative Cleavage of C\u2013C Bond","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.7b00614","article-title":"Cellulose Depolymerization over Heterogeneous Catalysts","volume":"51","author":"Shrotri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. 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