{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:37:17Z","timestamp":1791520637864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper offers an in-depth deformation study of glass fiber-reinforced and carbon composite filaments of 3D printers. During the certification, the authors used DIC (Digital Image Correlation) as a full-field strain measurement technique to explore key material traits as a non-contact optical measurement method. The insights captured through the DIC technology enabled to better understand the localized strain distributions during the loading of these reinforced filaments. The paper analyzes the glass fiber and carbon fiber filaments used in 3D printing that are reinforced with these materials and are subjected to bending and compressive loading. The segment presents how loading affects the performance of reinforced filaments when varying such factors as the deposition patterns, layer orientation, and other process parameters. Different types and combinations of reinforcements and printing variables were tested, and the resulting dependencies of mechanical parameters and failure modes were established for each case. Key conclusions demonstrate that the mechanical behavior of both carbon- and glass fiber-reinforced filaments is strongly affected by the 3D printing parameters, particularly infill density, pattern, and build orientation. The application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) allowed for a precise, full-field analysis of strain distribution and deformation behavior, offering new insights into the structural performance of fiber-reinforced 3D printed composites. The findings from the study provide guidance for the proper choice of filling material and the optimal parameters for the 3D printing process of models with high-performance indexes and seamless applications in the automotive and industrial manufacturing sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1743481261000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deformation Characterization of Glass Fiber and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printing Filaments Using Digital Image Correlation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3312-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Nemes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Szalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6110-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitta Fruzsina","family":"Sz\u00edv\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6893-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mykola","family":"Sysyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Planning and Design of Railway Infrastructure, Technical University Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmytro","family":"Kurhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport Infrastructure, Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, UA-49005 Dnipro, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2020.04.056","article-title":"3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites: A Short Review","volume":"25","author":"Valvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. 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