{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:15:33Z","timestamp":1791825333870,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shale formations pose significant challenges to traditional drilling fluids, including issues such as fluid invasion, cutting dispersion, and shale swelling, contributing to wellbore instability. While oil-based drilling fluids (OBM) effectively address these challenges, concerns over their environmental impact and cost limit their widespread adoption. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising frontier for enhancing the performance of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) in shale applications. This study examines the effectiveness of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) enhanced with a nanocomposite of graphene oxide (GO) and nanocellulose (NC) compared to that of conventional WBDFs. The combination of GO and NC is chosen for its synergistic effects: GO provides enhanced mechanical strength and barrier properties, while NC serves to stabilize the dispersion and improve the compatibility with WBDF matrices. The modification with NC aims to optimize the interaction between GO and the drilling fluid components, enhancing performance in regards to shale inhibition and fluid loss control. This research involved the successful synthesis and characterization of a GO\/NC nanocomposite, which underwent examination through FTIR, PSD, and SEM analyses. We also evaluated the filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids (WBDF) enhanced with a graphene oxide\/nanocellulose (GO\/NC) nanocomposite and compared the results to those for conventional WBDF. Filtration performance was assessed under both low-temperature, low-pressure (LTLP) and high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) conditions, and contact angle measurements were conducted to examine the wettability of the shale. The results demonstrated that incorporating GO\/NC into the WBDF reduced the filtrate volume by 17% under LTLP conditions and by 23.75% under HTHP conditions, indicating a significant improvement in filtration control. Furthermore, the GO\/NC-WBDF increased the hydrophobicity of the shale, as shown by a 61\u00b0 increase in the contact angle. These findings suggest that GO\/NC enhances the performance of WBDF, particularly in unconventional shale formations, by reducing fluid loss and improving wellbore stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1743481261000},"page":"949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Graphene Oxide and Nanocellulose on Water-Based Drilling Fluids: Improved Filtration and Shale Stabilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yerlan Kanatovich","family":"Ospanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulzhan Abdullaevna","family":"Kudaikulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2118\/18024-PA","article-title":"Quantitative determination of the mechanical properties of shales","volume":"7","author":"Steiger","year":"1992","journal-title":"SPE Drill. 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