{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1788350530511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-19-0091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-19-0091"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-22-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0011"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["1\/0056\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0056\/24"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA","award":["APVV-19-0091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-19-0091"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA","award":["APVV-22-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0011"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA","award":["1\/0056\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0056\/24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium lignosulfonate was incorporated into rubber compounds based on styrene\u2013butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile\u2013butadiene rubber (NBR) in amounts ranging from 10 to 60 phr. A sulfur-based curing system and a peroxide curing system consisting of dicumyl peroxide in combination with methacrylic acid zinc salt were used for cross-linking of the compounds. The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of lignosulfonate and curing system composition of the cross-linking process, morphology, physical\u2013mechanical and dynamic\u2013mechanical characteristics of the composites. The achieved results showed that peroxide cured composites demonstrated higher cross-link density, which was found not to be influenced by the content of lignosulfonate. The cross-link density of sulfur-cured composites was lower and showed a decreasing tendency with increasing amounts of the biopolymer. A lower cross-linking degree was reflected in a higher elongation at break and higher increase in the elongation at break of the corresponding composites. On the other hand, peroxide-cured composites exhibited a higher modulus M100 and higher hardness. The microscopic analysis revealed that co-agent in peroxide vulcanization contributed to the improvement of adhesion between the biopolymer and the rubber resulting in higher tensile strength of the equivalent composites. The higher cross-link density of peroxide-cured composites caused higher restriction of the chain segments\u2019 mobility, due to which these composites exhibited a higher glass transition temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1743481261000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sulfur and Peroxide Cross-Linking of Lignosulfonate-Filled Compounds Based on Acrylonitrile\u2013Butadiene Rubber and Styrene\u2013Butadiene Rubber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Kru\u017eel\u00e1k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"D\u017euganov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kvasni\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Hronkovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069\/4, 958 01 Partiz\u00e1nske, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2257-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozef","family":"Pre\u0165o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069\/4, 958 01 Partiz\u00e1nske, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Chod\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slovak Academy of Sciences, Polymer Institute, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Hudec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/surfaces3040042","article-title":"A critical review of the physicochemical properties of lignosulfonates: Chemical structure and behavior in aqueous solution, at surfaces and interfaces","volume":"3","author":"Ruwoldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surfaces"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-019-00878-5","article-title":"Characterization of wood-based industrial biorefinery lignosulfonates and supercritical water hydrolysis lignin","volume":"11","author":"Hosseinpourpia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valori"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.228","article-title":"A review on lignin antioxidants: Their sources, isolations, antioxidant activities and various applications","volume":"210","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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